5 Building Construction Materials And Structural Systems Flashcards by Nino Miraglia

Wood is stronger in the direction parallel to the grain than

Than against the grain

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The strength of Wood is affected by its

Moisture content

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Most structural wood has a moisture content of

19% or less

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Boards have a nominal thickness of

2 inches or less

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Dimensional lumber has a nominal thickness of

2-4 inches

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Timbers have a nominal thickness of

5 inches or more

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Two main methods of fire retardant treatment of wood

Pressure impregnation and surface coating

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Surface coating wood is used to reduce the surface burning of wood

T F

True

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Any of the following chemicals may be used and pressure treatment of wood

Ammonium phosphate. 
Boric acid. 
Ammonium sulfate. 
Ammonium phosphate. 
Zinc chloride. 
Sodium dichromate

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Typical reduction in strength from fire retardant lumber

10-20%

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Oldest and most simplistic type of building material

Masonry

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Most common size of concrete block

8 x 8 x 16”

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The principal types of stone used in construction are

Granite, limestone, sandstone, slate, marble

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Clinker

Stony matter fused together by heat

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Superplasticizer

Can be used as an admixture to make concrete flow more freely

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The overall fire resistance of steel reinforced concrete depends on

The depth of cover of the concrete over the steel and the quality of the concrete

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Single most important factor in determining the ultimate strength of concrete is

Water to cement ratio

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Disadvantages of steel

Rust

weakening from heat

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The quickness with which unprotected steel fails when exposed to fire depends on several factors

Massive steel members.
Intensity of exposing fire.
Load supported by steel.
Type of connections used to join steel members

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When Exposed to heavy fire conditions compared to heavy steel beams and girders, slender or lightweight steel members tend to fail

Sooner than heavier members

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In order to use steel and fire resistive designs it must be protected from the heat of the fire by

Fire resistant coating

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In old buildings the steel framework was encased in brick or masonry. He still call them encased in 3 inches of concrete would have a fire resistance rating of

Four hours

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Materials that can be used to fireproof steel include the following

Metal lath and plaster.
Gypsum board.
Spray on coating.
Mineral and fiberboard

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Sprayed on coatings are especially popular when appearance is not important. They have densities ranging from

12-40 pounds per cubic foot

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Fire damper

Device installed in here talked to penetrate fire resistant rated vertical or horizontal assembly. The transfer of heat or flame through duct

Aluminum has a melting point of

1220°F

Cast-iron tends to fail by fracturing rather than what as in the case of steel

Yelding

Heat strengthened glass

Surface compression between 3500 psi and 10,000 PSI

Fully tempered glass

Service compression in excess of 10,000 PSI

Fully temper glass is used in windows that may be subject to Highwind forces and Exterior doors that

People might walk into accidentally

Glassblock is generally how thick

2-4 inches

Glassblock is typically available in sizes ranging from

6 x 6"-8 x 8"

True/false glassblock is a fire resistant material

False

Glassblock alone can be substituted for a fire rated wall true false

False

The maximum allowable area for one piece of wire glass one quarter of an inch thick is

1296 in.²

Fire rating duration of wire glass when used in a listed fire door or window frame

45 minute rating

The maximum allowable area of wire class and a 90 minute fire door is

100 in.²

Fire rated glass

Does not use wires. Made from a combination of glass and plastic

A 45 minute reading can be obtained from fire rated glass for panels as large as

3325 in.²

Pony wall

Non-loadbearing wall less than 36 inches tall

For glass that requires a reading of up to two hours what can be used

Heat strengthened or tempered glass with a special sprinkler to spray on it

For a rated piece of glass that requires sprinkler protection to keep it cool height of the protective glass panel is limited to what

13 feet high with a 36 inch pony wall at the base of the glazing

Slurry

Suspension formed by a quantity of powder mixed into a liquid in which the solid is only slightly soluble

Process that heats a substance to a high temperature below the melting refusing point causing lots of moisture

Calcined

Assemblies using gypsum board can have a fire resistance rating from

1-4 hours

Type X gypsum board

Used in fire rated assemblies reinforced by glassfiber

Type C gypsum board

Used in fire rated assemblies

Core board

Used for shaft walls and solid partitions

Gypsum board is available in thicknesses ranging from

1/4 to 3/4 inch

1 inch gypsum board is used only for

Core board

Type C gypsum board contains what substance that expands as it is exposed to heat

Vermiculite

Type of plastic that will not softener or melt when reheated

Thermosetting plastic

Synthetic material made from the polymerization of organic compounds to become soft when heated and hard when cooled

Thermoplastic

Examples of thermosetting plastics are

Vulcanized rubber and Bakelite

Plastics are organic materials true false

True carbon-based even though not naturally occurring

The combustion of vinyl chloride produces what type of gas

Hydrogen chloride, the gaseous form of hydrochloric acid

Building codes require a thermal barrier of how thick of gypsu wallboard to separate plastic from interior of building

Half inch thick

Automatic sprinklers are required in addition to a thermal barrier when foam plastic is used in thicknesses greater than what

4 inches

Basic properties of building materials that are shared

Combustibility. Thermal conductivity. Rate of thermal expansion. Variation of strength with temperature

A fabric roof on the membrane structure weighs

About 2 pounds per square foot

The materials used in membrane structures must be

Noncombustible

Primary advantage of precast concrete is

Quality control

Ledges the project out from the column and support a beam that are cast into the column

Corbels

Flat slab cast in place

Simple system that consists of a slab of concrete supported by concrete columns thicknesses ranging from 6-12 inches

Concrete floor slab 8 inches thick the rest on columns 22 feet apart requiring no additional reinforcement

Flat plate

Flat slab floor is typically make use of columns with reinforcement at the top of the column which are known as

Drop panels, concrete rectangle on the top of the panel for support. Mushroom capital, flare at the top of the column

Rigid beam and girder frame

Resist bending forces from supported loads and lateral forces

Semi rigid steel frame

Not completely rigid bracing or sheer panel may be needed

Simple steelframe

Joints are designed primarily to support a vertical force

Open web joist can usually be 6 feet deep and up to 144 feet span, however they are more frequently found out what size

2 feet deep and 40 foot span

Steel structural members used to take the place of steel beams

Joist girder, heavy steel trusses open web

Steel rigid frame is usually are used for spans of what

40-200 feet

Top of a rigid frame building

Crown

Steel rigid frame points where inclined members intersect vertical members are known as

Knees

The thickness of masonry walls varies from

6 inches to several feet

walls constructed with fire rated concrete masonry units or bricks can have a fire resistance of

2-4 hours

Because of its limitations in the basic strength avoid it is not usually economical to use wood frames and buildings taller than

Three stories

And heavy timber design the columns are not less then what size

8 x 8"

In heavy timber design floor beams are at minimum what size

6 x 10"

heavy Timbers from a single log are usually not longer than

20 feet, longer requires glue Lam

The posts and post and beam construction are usually what size

4 x 4" or 6 x 6" spaced 4-12 feet apart

Western-style framing is also known as

Platform framing

Typically the code requires that from insulation be faced with the thermal barrier such as what to prevent or retard service ignition of the phone

Gypsum wallboard

A brick veneer wall must be tied to the wood frame wall at intervals of

16 inches

One frequently use rule is that in brick loadbearing walls every six course of brick is

A header course with the ends of the brick facing out