Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gastrointestinal > 9. the Exocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

9. the Exocrine Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

how is the PANCREAS in relation to PERITONEUM

A

RETROPERITONEAL

(EXCEPT TAIL - intraperitoneal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PANCREAS in relation to STOMACH

A

POSTERIOR (behind)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which NERVES / CHAIN SUPPLY PANCREAS

A

SYMPATHETIC CHAIN

  • SPLANCHNIC NERVE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name of PLEXUS where SYMPATHETIC CHAINS PASS as they go towards PANCREAS (supplies)

A

COELIAC PLEXUS

(bundle of nerves in the upper abdomen, sits behind the pancreas)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

PANCREAS surrounded by lots of LYMPH NODES:

A
  • ANTERIOR PANCREATICODUODENAL lymph node
  • POSTERIOR PANCREATICODUODENAL lymph node
  • SUPERIOR BODY lymph node (top of body of pancreas)
  • INFERIOR BODY lymph node
  • SPLENIC lymph node
  • HEPATIC lymph node (near hepatic artery)
  • PYLORIC lymph node (near pyloris of stomach)
  • CELIAC lymph node (close to celiac plexus)
  • SUPERIOR MESENTERIC lymph node (above SMA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ARTERIES that SUPPLY PANCREAS

A
  • SPLENIC ARTERY (top of pancreas, on way to spleen)
  • HEPATIC ARTERY (into liver)

(AORTA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

VEINS that drain PANCREAS

A
  • SPLENIC VEIN (from spleen, behind pancreas)
  • HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN (to liver)

(VENA CAVA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the EXOCRINE functioning CELLS of the PANCREAS

A

ACINAR CELLS and DUCT CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the ENDOCRINE functioning CELLS of the PANCREAS

A

ISLETS of LANGERHANS
- ALPHA, BETA, DELTA, PP CELLS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

ANATOMICAL PARTS of the PANCREAS

A

TAIL, BODY, HEAD, UNCINATE PROCESS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the MAIN DUCT of the PANCREAS

A

PANCREATIC DUCT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PANCREATIC DUCT and BILE DUCT (from liver) JOIN and EMPTY into DUODENUM THROUGH the…

A

AMPULLA OF VATER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

PANCREATIC and BILE DUCTS both EMPTY INTO the

A

DUODENUM

(via AMPULLA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

BRANCH DUCTS lead into the MAIN PANCREATIC DUCT. where do Branch ducts come from

A

ACINAR UNITS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the AUXILIARY DUCT

A

only in some people

alternative duct to empty Pancreatic juices into Duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

EMBRYOLOGY - PANCREAS DEVELOPS FROM which 2 BUDS:

A

VENTRAL BUD and DORSAL BUD

which FUSE to become whole pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

EMBRYOLOGY BUD CELLS develop and DIFFERENTIATE into which CELLS

A
  • ENDOCRINE CELLS: ALPHA, BETA, DELTA, PP
  • ACINAR CELLS
  • DUCTAL CELLS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the ROLE of ENDOCRINE ALPHA CELLS

A

secrete GLUCAGON

  • acts on LIVER

-> Glycogen breakdown for glucose release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the ROLE of ENDOCRINE BETA CELLS

A

Secrete INSULIN

  • acts on MUSCLE CELLS,
    FAT CELLS (ADIPOCYTES),
    ERYTHROCYTES

-> Glucose Uptake

also acts as Mitogen as it promotes CELL DIVISION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the ROLE of ENDOCRINE DELTA CELLS

A

secrete SOMATOSTATIN

  • acts on ENDOCRINE SYSTEM as REGULATOR

also acts as Mitogen as it promotes CELL DIVISION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the ROLE of ENDOCRINE PP CELLS

A

secrete PANCREATIC POLYPEPTIDES

  • act on PANCREAS ITSELF

for regulation of RELEASE of HORMONES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which ENDOCRINE CELLS help CELL DIVISION

A

INSULIN and SOMATOSTATIN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

PP CELLS secretions ACT ON..

A

PANCREAS

  • regulate release of hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

BUD CELLS develop into which STEM CELLS that can differentiate into ACINAR and DUCTAL cells

A

CENTROACINAR CELLS

25
Q

What do ACINAR CELLS RELEASE

A

ZYMOGENS - INACTIVE PRECURSOR of ENZYMES

(from ZYMOGEN GRANULES)

26
Q

What BINDS to ACINAR CELLS for release of ENZYMES

A

CCK

(acinar cells have CCK Receptors)

27
Q

MAIN PROTEASES from ACINAR CELLS

A

ELASTASE, CHYOTRYPSIN

& TRYPSIN

28
Q

RELEASE of ZYMOGENS from ACINAR CELLS are REGULATED by..

A

CCK

29
Q

TRYPSINOGEN is ACTIVATED BY … into TRYPSIN

A

ENTEROKINASE

30
Q

WHERE is TRYPSINOGEN ACTIVATED by ENTEROKINASE into TRYPSIN

A

in the DUODENUM

31
Q

where should we have ACTIVE TRYPSIN

A

DUODENUM

NOT in acinar cells (Pancreatitis)

32
Q

what do DUCTAL CELLS RELEASE

A

BICARBONATES

33
Q

what BINDS and REGULATES RELEASE of BICARBONATES from DUCTAL CELLS

A

SECRETIN

34
Q

what does SECRETIN BIND to

A

DUCTAL CELLS (bicarbonates)

35
Q

what does CCK BIND TO

A

ACINAR CELLS (zymogens)

36
Q

HOW does SECRETIN BINDING CAUSE BICARBONATE RELEASE from DUCTAL CELLS

A
  • ACTIVATES cAMP and PKA
  • CL- RELEASE
  • CL- REABSORBED back IN and HCO3- TRANSPORTED OUT
37
Q

what ION ALLOWS HCO3- RELEASE from DUCTAL CELLS

A

CHLORIDE

(RELEASE AND REABSORPTION)

38
Q

what does HCO3- EXCRETION from DUCTAL CELLS also cause to be RELEASED INTO LUMEN

A

H2O

  • PASSAGE between cells into LUMEN of duct
39
Q

CHRONIC PANCREATITIS caused by BUILD UP of..

A

FIBROSIS

from INFLAMMATION

40
Q

ACUTE PANCREATITIS is the RESULT of what process

A

NECROSIS

41
Q

what is the EARLY RESPONSE to NECROSIS and ACUTE INFLAMMATION

A

SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE (SIRS)

(lots of cytokines released)

-> death

42
Q

what is the LATER RESPONSE to NECROSIS and ACUTE INFLAMMATION

A

MULTI-ORGAN DYSFUNCTION SYNDROME (MODS)

(organs closing down)

-> death

43
Q

what is LIKELY to cause ENDOCRINE FAILURE (DIABETES MELLITUS) and/or EXOCRINE FAILURE (MALABSORPTION)

A

FIBROSIS (CHRONIC PANCREATITIS)

from acute pancreatitis (&necrosis) or other factors

(endocrine failure can lead to cancer)

44
Q

what usually CAUSES PANCREATITIS and NECROSIS

A

when there is ACTIVE TRYPSIN IN ACINAR CELLS (activation in acinar and not in duodenum)

-> leads to CELL DAMAGE

-> CYTOKINE RELEASE

-> Pancreatitis & Necrosis
(causes MORE trypsinogen activation in acinar cells, more cell damage etc.)

45
Q

what can CAUSE the ACTIVATION of TRYPSINOGEN and so ACTIVE TRYPSIN IN ACINAR CELLS
(pancreatitis)

A

CA2+ SPIKES in ACINAR CELLS

46
Q

What are in ACINAR CELLS that INACTIVATE/INHIBIT ACTIVE TRYPSIN and ACTIVATION of more

A

SPINK1/PSTI

PANCREATIC ENZYME INHIBITORS

(activated in the presence of trypsin in acinar cells)

47
Q

what does SPINK1 do

A

INACTIVATE ACTIVE TRYPSIN / INHIBIT TRYPSINOGEN ACTIVATION in ACINAR CELLS

  • prevent pancreatitis & necrosis
48
Q

CAUSES of ACUTE PANREATITIS

A

’’ I GET SMASHED’’

  • IDIOPATHIC (unknown) & HERIDATORY
  • GALLSTONES (MAIN)
  • ETHANOL (ALCOHOL)

other
- Trauma
- Steroids
- Mumps
- Autoimmune
- Scorpion Stings (venom)
- Hypercalcaemia, Hyperlipidaemia, Hyperthermia
- ERCP (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogrophy)
- Drugs

49
Q

MAIN CAUSE of ACUTE PANCREATITIS

A

GALLSTONES

50
Q

MAIN CAUSE of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS

A

ALCOHOL

(gallstones can be removed)

51
Q

how can GALLSTONES cause ACINAR DAMAGE

A
  • Excess CCK
  • Excess Trypsinogen release
  • LESS SPINK1 (inhibitor)
  • MORE active TRYPISIN in acinar cells
52
Q

what is the CURRENT ASSUMED Model of how GALLSTONES lead to activation of trypsinogen

A
  • enter common bile duct
  • BLOCK BILE RELEASE from Ampulla
  • BILE enters Pancreatic duct and activates trypsinogen
53
Q

CAUSES of PANCREATITIS

A
  • FIBROSIS - STIMULATION of STELLATE CELLS
  • PROTEOLYTIC CLEAVAGE (activation trypsin)
    (CYSTIC FIBROSIS - defects in CL- transporter, LESS HCO3- Release, less H2O, LOW pH, HIGH VISCOSITY and LOW FLOW)
  • PROTEIN PLUGS (block ducts)
  • CALCIFICATION
54
Q

by which METABOLIC PATHWAY does ALCOHOL CAUSE PANCREATITIS and how

A

NON-OXIDATIVE METABOLISM

-> release FATTY ACID ETHYL ESTERS

-> CALCIUM SPIKE - PANCREATITIS

55
Q

what is RELEASED in NON-OXIDATIVE METABOLISM of ALCOHOL that causes CALCIUM SPIKE / PANCREATITIS

A

FATTY ACID ETHYL ESTERS

56
Q

what is RELEASED in OXIDATIVE METABOLISM of ALCOHOL that does NOT cause pancreatitis

A

ACETATE

57
Q

INCREASED CA2+ causes what to FUSE

A

LYSOZYME with CATHEPSIN B (PROTEASE)
and
ZYMOGEN - TRYPSINOGEN

hence ACTIVATES

58
Q

what ENZYME can CLEAVE / ACTIVATE TRYPSINOGEN

A

CATHEPSIN B

Gastrointestinal (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions