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Gastrointestinal > 15. Nutrient Sensing and Uptake > Flashcards

15. Nutrient Sensing and Uptake Flashcards

1
Q

TASTE RECEPTORS in the TONGUE send information via which CRANIAL NERVES

A

FACIAL (VII)
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX)

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2
Q

TASTE RECEPTORS send information via FACIAL and CRANIAL NERVES to the … in the BRAIN STEM

A

SOLITARY TRACT (NTS)

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3
Q

what is the INIATED from the BRAIN STEM NTS from taste receptors activation

A

VISCERAL REFLEXES TO GUT
- to PREPARE for incoming mean

CEPHALIC RESPONSE
- GASTRIC SECRETIONS

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4
Q

what AFFERENT NEURONS send signals from the TONGUE TO NTS - BRAIN STEM

A

GUSTATORY

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5
Q

which EFFERENT NERVES come from NTS (BRAIN STEM)

A

FACIAL (VII) to salivary glands,
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (IX) to salivary glands and oesophagus
VAGUS (X) to gut

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6
Q

what does HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE (XII) control

A

conscious control of TONGUE MUSCLES

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7
Q

what does TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V) control

A

CHEWING

(& sensory to pain)

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8
Q

the NUCLEUS of the SOLITARY TRACT PROJECTS to what nucleus

A

specific GUSTATORY NUCLEUS in the THALAMUS

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9
Q

NUCLEUS of the SOLITARY TRACT projects to a specific GUSTATORY NUCLEUS in the THALAMUS and from there to the…

A

INSULAR CORTEX

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10
Q

a lot of our TASTE is based on … SIGNALS

A

OLFACTORY

(OLFACTORY NERVE I)

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11
Q

MAIN OLFACTORY PATHWAY runs from … to …

A

from OLFACTORY BULB

to PRIMARY OLFACTORY CORTEX (PIRIFORM CORTEX) on the Underside of the TEMPORAL LOBE

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12
Q

GUSTATORY PATHEAYS PASS through the…

A

THALAMUS

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13
Q

VISCEREL RESPONSES to taste

A
  • SALIVARY Secretion
  • GASTRIC juice
  • PANCREATIC Secretion
  • GALLBLADDER CONTRACTION
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14
Q

GUSTOTOPIC MAP:

A

TASTE RECEPTORS are EVENLY DISTRIBUTED in tongue

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15
Q

LINGUAL EPITHELIAL TASTE RECEPTORS:

TASTE RECEPTOR 1 (T1R) has 3 members.
which are used for UMAMI - taste of L-AMINO ACIDS

A

T1R1 & T1R3

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16
Q

LINGUAL EPITHELIAL TASTE RECEPTORS:

TASTE RECEPTOR 1 (T1R) has 3 members.
which are used for SWEET TASTE?

A

T1R2 & T1R3

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17
Q

LINGUAL EPITHELIAL TASTE RECEPTORS:

TASTE RECEPTOR 2 family (T2Rs) are used for what taste?

A

BITTER TASTE

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18
Q

What type of receptors are TASTE RECEPTORS

A

G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTORS (GPCR)

19
Q

which G-PROTEIN is coupled with TASTE RECEPTORS

A

GUSTDUCIN

(from Transducin family of GPCRs)

20
Q

which TASTE RECEPTOR is used for perception of SALTINESS

A

ENaC - SODIUM CHANNEL

21
Q

what TASTE perception is PKD2LI used for

A

SOUR TASTE

22
Q

where are there also TASTE CIRCUITS

A

GUT (INTESTINE)

BILE DUCT
STOMACH
NASAL EPITHELIUM

23
Q

Which GUT CELLS act as NUTRIENT SENSORS

A

ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS (EECs)

  • central to the chemosensing pathway of the intestinal tract
24
Q

there are AT LEAST … DIFFERENT EEC populations of the GI TRACT PRODUCTING …. HORMONES

A

at least 12 different EEC

producing >20 HORMONES

25
Q

what are EXPRESSED on the LUMINAL MEMBRANE of EECs

A

NUTRIENT SENSING GPCRs

-> nutrient sensing of these receptors leads to SECRETION of key regulatory GUT HORMONES

26
Q

STOMACH G-CELLS
key TASTE RECEPTORS:
HORMONE released:

A

receptors for PEPTIDES and AMINO ACIDS

-> GASTRIN release
(regulates acid and pepsinogen secretion)

27
Q

STOMACH P/D1 CELLS
key TASTE RECEPTORS for:
HORMONE released:

A

receptors for SUGARS (SWEET) & BITTER

-> GHRELIN release

28
Q

STOMACH P/D1 CELLS
key TASTE RECEPTORS for:
HORMONE released:

A

receptors for SUGARS (SWEET) & BITTER

-> GHRELIN release
(hunger)

29
Q

DUODENUM I CELLS
key TASTE RECEPTORS:
HORMONE released:

A

for LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS (LCFAs), AMINO ACIDS (UMAMI), BITTER

-> CCK release
(control satiety and motility)

30
Q

JEJUNUM ENTEROCYTES
key TASTE RECEPTORS:
HORMONE released:

A

SGLT-1 RECEPTOR for SUGARS (SWEET)

-> GLP-1 RELEASE
(insulin, regulate blood glucose)

31
Q

ILEUM L CELL
key TASTE RECEPTORS:
HORMONE released:

A

SUGARS (SWEET), LCFAs, AMINO ACIDS, BITTER

-> GLP-1 RELEASE

32
Q

COLON L-CELLS
key TASTE RECEPTORS:
HORMONE released:

A

SHORT CHAIN FATTY ACIDS

-> PYY and GLP-1 RELEASE
(satiety, ion secretion, motility)

33
Q

CCK secreted from which CELLS

A

I CELLS in DUODENUM

34
Q

CCK I CELLS have which TASTE RECEPTORS
(what do they taste)

A

LCFAs, PROTEIN/AAs (UMAMI)
& BITTER

35
Q

what does CCK STIMULATE

A

PANCREATIC SECRETIONS
- protease, amylase, lipase, secretin

GALLBLADDER CONTRACTION

36
Q

what does CCK INHIBIT

A

FOOD INTAKE
& reduces GASTRIC EMPTYING (motility)

37
Q

SGLT-1 is the MAJOR ROUTE for ABSORPTION of SUGARS from INTESTINAL LUMEN into..

A

ENTEROCYTES -> BLOOD

38
Q

what is the MAJOR ROUTE for ABSORPTION of SUGARS from INTESTINAL LUMEN

A

SGLT-1

39
Q

GLUCOSE also STIMULATES the RELEASE of which GUT HORMONE

A

GLP-1
(L CELLS)

-> stimulates INSULIN RELEASE from Pancreas
(increase glucose uptake to tissues and enhancing enterocyte glucose uptake via increasing expression of SGLT-1 and GLUT2 in enteroycytes)

40
Q

which TRANSPORTERS are used to TRANPORT GLUCOSE across ENTEROCYTES

A
  1. SGLT-1
    glucose transported with Na+
  2. GLUT2
    transports glucose out

also NA+-K+ ATPase for conc. gradient

41
Q

GLP-1 STIMULATES the EXPRESSION of which TASTE RECEPTOR

A

SGLT-1

  • SWEET TASTE (glucose)
42
Q

as GLUCOSE is TRANSPORTED through ENTEROCYTE in ABSORPTION, what FOLLOWS (is also absorbed)

A

Cl- through TIGHT JUNCTIONS

-> H2O also FOLLOWS
(H2O ABSORPTION)

43
Q

future clinical potentials of TASTE RECEPTOR targetting:

A
  • compounds that Block activation of gut’s taste receptors might serve as appetite suppressants
  • selective targeting of taste receptors to release hormones that signal feelings of FULLNESS (ie cck)
  • activating taste receptors of gut L-cells to release GLP-1 for Insulin release may treat Diabetes

Gastrointestinal (19 decks)

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