4. Ingestion of a Meal Flashcards
BONES of MASTICATION:
- MAXILLA
- MANDIBLE
- TEMPORAL
- HYOID
- SKULL
- SPINE
which MUSCLES of MASTICATION CLOSE the Jaw
- TEMPORALIS
from temporal fossa, inserts onto coronoid process of mandible - MASSETER
from zygomatic process of maxilla, insets into the angle and ramus of the mandible
what does the TEMPORALIS MUSCLE do and where is it ATTACHED (from/to)
CLOSES the JAW
- arises FROM TEMPORAL FOSSA
- INSERTS onto CORONOID PROCESS of MANDIBLE
what does the MASSETER MUSCLE do and where is it ATTACHED (from/to)
CLOSES the JAW
- arises FROM ZYGOMATIC PROCESS of MAXILLA
- INSERTS into the ANGLE and RAMUS of MANDIBLE
which MUSCLES of MASTICATION OPEN the JAW
- LATERAL PTERYGOID
arises from Sphenoid, insets onto Condyloid process of Mandible - DIGASTRIC
(double belly) connect Jaw and Skull to the Hyoid
Posterior: arises from mastoid notch
Anterior: arises from Lower border of Mandible - INFRAHYOID
(strap) (4 pairs of muscle)
connects Hyoid to Clavicle
what does LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE do and where does it ATTACH
OPENS JAW
attaches from SPHENOID
onto CONDYLOID PROCESS of MANDIBLE
what does DIGASTRIC MUSCLE do and where does it ATTACH/CONNECT
OPENS JAW
Double:
POSTERIOR - connects MASTOID NOTCH (skull) to HYOID
ANTERIOR- connects Lower border of MANDIBLE to HYOID
jaw and skull to hyoid
DIGASTRIC MUSCLE CONNECTS the Mandible/jaw and Skull (Mastoid Notch) to the…
HYOID bone
INFRAHYOID MUSCLE has how many Pairs of muscle
4 PAIRS
what does INFRAHYOID MUSLCE do and what does it CONNECT
OPENS JAW
connects HYOID to CLAVICLE
INFRAHYOID MUSCLE connects HYOID to the…
CLAVICLE
LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE attaches the SPHENOID to the …. of the MANDIBLE
CONDYLOID PROCESS of Mandible
MASSETER MUSCLE arises from the … of the MAXILLA and inserts into the … and … of the MANDIBLE
ZYGOMATIC PROCESS of Maxilla
to
ANGLE and RAMUS of MANDIBLE
ALL MUSCLES of MASTICATION are INNERVATED by …
MANDIBULAR BRANCH of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V)
The PURPOSE of MASTICATION is to…
reduce food to a SWALLOWABLE BOLUS
and
COAT IT with MUCUS (safely swallow without damaging/scratching oesophagus)
is MASTICATION Voluntary or Involuntary
VOLUNTARY
how are the CONTROLS of MASTICATION
- VOLUNTARY
- REFLEXES - jaw unloading reflex (open), jaw-jerk reflex (close)
- BRAIN STEM PATTERN GENERATOR allows for Ability to chew
- FINE TUNING of chewing movements via SENSORY PROPRIOCEPTIVE FEEDBACK through PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS and PROPRIOCEPTORS
- a CHANGE in OCCLUSION (way your teeth meet when your jaws bite together eg following dentistry) will ALTER CHEWING PATTERN
we develop the ABILITY to CHEW through..
BRAIN STEM PATTERN GENERATOR
what are the MASTICATION REFLEXES
- JAW UNLOADING reflex (open)
- JAW-JERK reflex (close)
what is PROPRIOCEPTIVE FEEDBACK in MASTICATION
FINE TUNING VIA SENSORY PROPRIOCEPTIVE FEEDBACK
through PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS (attach teeth to jaw) and PROPRIOCEPTORS
- proprioceptive feedback as teeth come together allows smooth closing of jaw
what are the 3 MOVEMENTS of MASTICATION that the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ) allows
- OPEN & CLOSE (HINGE-LIKE)
ie sharks - LATERAL (move jaw SIDE TO SIDE)
ie cows - PROTRUSION & RETRACTION (forward, backward)
ie squirrels
what type of Joint is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
SYNOVIAL JOINT
(Diarthrosis - freely moveable)
TMJ is SYNOVIAL with ARTICULAR CAPSULE and SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
this allows it to be..
VERY MOBILE
DIARTHROSIS (freely movable joint)
why is TMJ a BILATERAL JOINT
Both JOINTS work together
- one on either side of mandible
what does the ARTICULAR DISC do in the TMJ
DIVIDES UPPER and LOWER SYNOVIAL COMPARTMENTS
upper: Sliding (arthrodial)
Lower: Rotational (ginglymus)
UPPER SYNOVIAL COMPARTMENT of TMJ allows for..
SLIDING movement
- ARTHRODIAL
LOWER SYNOVIAL COMPARTMENT of TMJ allows for..
ROTATIONAL movement
- GINGLYMUS
TMJ is also a … JOINT in regards to its movements
GINGLYMOARTHRODIAL
ginglymus - rotational (lower)
arthrodial - sliding (upper)
what are the FUNCTIONS of SALIVA
- TOOTH MAINTENANCE
Dilution, Clearance, Buffering - LUBRICATION
- ANTIBACTERIAL/ANTIFUNGAL
- DIGESTIVE (enzymes)
how does SALIVA allow TOOTH MAINTENANCE
by
- DILUTION (of sugars)
- CLEARANCE (swallowing)
- BUFFERING - high Bicarbonate conc. (HCO3-) for acid from plaque bacteria
what happens to (PLAQUE) pH AFTER a MEAL
DROPS
- PLAQUE BACTERIA MAKE ACID
what is the CRITIAL pH LEVEL, BELOW which TEETH DEMINERALISE
5.5
after a MEAL, as pH DROPS below 5.5 (critical pH) how is brought BACK UP
SALIVA PRODUCTION
- BUFFERS (HCO3- conc.)
what happens BELOW pH 5.5 and why
TEETH DEMINERALISE
- saliva no longer saturated with CALCIUM and PHOSPHATE
what is the name of the CURVE that show TEETH MAINTENANCE by BUFFERING
STEPHEN CURVE
- PLAQUE PH against TIME
rapidly DROPS, then should come back up
faster coming up is ideal
prolonged increase or no increase (no saliva production) is bad
what component of SALIVA makes it good for LUBRICATION
Salivary GLYCOPROTEINS
- which are STICKY
STICKY SALIVARY GLYCOPROTEINS allow saliva to..
form a THIN LAYER ON the ORAL SURFACES and on FOOD
important for mastication, deglutition, talking
how is SALIVA ANTIBACTERIAL/ANTIFUNGAL
PROTECTIVE BARRIER
contains IgA, LYSOZYME (kill pathogens) etc..
which ANTIBODY can you find in SALIVA
IgA
what does SALIVA contain that gives its DIGESTIVE function
Salivary AMYLASE
LINGUAL LIPASE
DEGLUTITION at ORAL/BUCCAL level:
VOLUNTARY
- bolus pushed to back of mouth by TONGUE
- TEETH brought together
- SOFT PALATE ELEVATES to CLOSE NASAL CAVITY
- LARYNX RISES to CLOSE AIRWAYS
DEGLUTITION at PHARYNGEAL level:
INVOLUNTARY (Reflex)
- CRICOPHARYNGEAL SPHINCTER RELAXES to OPEN OESOPHAGUS
- EPIGLOTTIS steers the bolus OVER the TRACHEA
-> PERISTALSIS starts
(Oesophageal level: peristalsis)
SALIVARY GLANDS are INNERVATED by which CRANIAL NERVES
VII (7) FACIAL NERVE
IX (9) GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
3 PAIRS of SALIVARY GLANDS are:
PAROTID
SUBLINGUAL (below tongue)
SUBMANDIBULAR (below mandible)
+ MINOR GLANDS
FACIAL NERVE INNERVATES which SALIVARY GLAND(S)
SUBMANDIBULAR & SUBLINGUAL glands
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (9) INNERVATES which SALIVARY GLAND(S)
PAROTID
which is the LARGEST SALIVARY GLAND
PAROTID
SALIVARY GLANDS control is sympathetic or parasympathetic?
PARASYMPATHETIC
FACIAL NERVE (7) receives PARASYMPATHETIC INPUT from the..
SUPERIOR SALIVARY NUCLEI
- PONS
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (9) receives PARASYMPATHETIC INPUT from the..
INFERIOR SALIVARY NUCLEI
- MEDULLA
what are the STIMULANTS of SALIVA PRODUCTION / RELEASE
MASTICATION (chewing)
TASTE
SMELL
ANTICIPATION - Thought of food (release)
what can INHIBIT SALIVA PRODUCTION
FEAR
FACIAL NERVE receives parasympathetic input from which SALIVARY NUCLEI and where is it
SUPERIOR - PONS
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE receives parasympathetic input from which SALIVARY NUCLEI and where is it
INFERIOR - MEDULLA
PAROTID GLAND is INNERVATED by..
GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (9)
SUBMANDIBULAR and SUBLINGUAL GLANDS are INNERVATED by..
FACIAL NERVE (7)
what do all SALIVARY GLANDS SECRETE
PROTEIN and FLUID
PAROTID GLAND has what type of SECRETION
SEROUS (watery, runny)
SUBLINGUAL GLAND has what type of SECRETION
MUCOUS (thick)
SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND has what type of SECRETION
MUCOUS (thick)
MINOR GLANDS have what type of SECRETION
MUCOUS
which GLANDS have MUCUOUS SECRETIONS
MINOR GLANDS & SUBLINGUAL
which GLAND(S) have SEROUS SECRETIONS
PAROTID
which GLAND(S) have MIXED SECRETIONS (serous and mucous)
SUBMANDIBULAR
what is the CONSTITUENCY of SALIVA DETERMINED BY
the NATURE of the secreted PROTEIN
what types of CELLS in the SALIVARY GLANDS PRODUCE SALIVA
ACINAR CELLS
(grape-like)
SEROUS ACINUS and MUCUS ACINUS
what is a SEROUS DEMILUNE
2ND LAYER of CELLS in an ACINUS
- Mucous acinus layer, serous acinus on top
(half moon cross section)
what are the DUCTS that the ACINAR CELLS RELEASE SALIVA into, to travel down and enter MOUTH
- INTERCALATED DUCT (like acinar cells but don’t secrete protein)
- STRIATED DUCT
(MODIFY salivary secretions) - EXCRETORY DUCT
(carry to mouth)
what type of CELLS SURROUND the ACINAR CELLS and what do they do
MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS
- CONTRACT and squeeze produced saliva into ducts
which DUCT in SALIVARY GLAND MODIFIES the salivary secretions
STRIATED DUCT
2 SIDES around ACINAR CELLS
- Basolateral or Blood side
- Apical or Lumen side
has brush border to increase SA
What do ACINAR CELLS have a LOT of
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (protein synthesis)
and
SECRETORY VESICLES (on apical/lumen side)
what BINDS to ACINAR CELLS to stimulate PROTEIN PRODUCTION/SECRETION
NORADRENALINE
(SYMPATHETIC)
what BINDS to ACINAR CELLS to stimulate FLUID production/secretion
ACETYLCHOLINE
(PARASYMPATHETIC)
INCREASED PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY also INCREASES …. to the GLANDS
BLOOD FLOW
what is the process called whereby PROTEIN and FLUID SECRETION is stimulated from the SALIVARY GLANDS
STIMULUS-SECRETION COUPLING
NORADRENALINE BINDS to … to stimulate PROTEIN Production/Secretion
G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR : BETA ANDRENERGIC RECEPTOR
how does NORADRENALINE binding to G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR (BETA ANDRENERGIC) on ACINAR CELLS stimulate PROTEIN production and release
G-PROTEIN is activated
- alpha subunit activates ADENYLATE CYCLASE
-> converts ATP to CYCLIC AMP
CYCLIC AMP stimulates protein synthesis and secretion
in what ways does CYCLIC AMP in the ACINAR cells allow for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and SECRETION
- stimulates GENE TRANSCRIPTION in NUCLEUS for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
- in ER and GOLGI stimulates GLYCOSYLATION of PROTEINS
- stimulates EXOCYTOSIS
which PROTEIN in SALIVA is NOT MADE by ACINAR CELLS
IgA
- Transported across the cell by POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR (PIgR)
name of RECEPTOR that IgA BINDS to on ACINAR CELLS and how does is it secreted
BINDS to POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR (PIgR)
- ENDOCYTOSIS of the RECEPTOR WITH IgA bound
- TRANSCYTOSIS across the cell
- EXOCYTOSIS and RELEASE of IgA with a bit of the RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED
for FLUID SECRETION ACETYLCHOLINE BINDS to which RECEPTOR on ACINAR CELLS
M3 MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR
- G PROTEIN COUPLED
in ACINAR CELLS, the binding of ACETYL CHOLINE to G-PROTEIN COUPLED receptor (M3 MUSCARINIC) causes ACTIVATION of which TARGET ENZYME
which GENERATES…
PHOSPHOLIPASE C
generates 2nd messenger:
IP3 (Inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate)
what does 2ND MESSENGER IP3 cause in ACINAR CELLS (fluid secretion)
binds IP3 Receptors mostly on ER
- receptors are also CALCIUM CHANNELS
-> RELEASE INTRACELLULAR Ca2+
INCREASE in CA2+ in ACINAR CELLS triggers secretory response
how does the INCREASE in Ca2+ in ACINAR CELLS, cause FLUID SECRETION
ACTIVATION of CA2+ CHANNEL on APICAL SIDE of ACINAR cell membrane
- Ca2+ OUT
ACTIVATION of K+ CHANNEL on BASOLATERAL SIDE of Acinar cell membrane
- K+ OUT
APICAL SIDE made MORE NEGATIVE than Basolateral
-> DRIVES NA+ SECRETION (between cells from basolateral to apical)
creates OSMOTIC GRADIENT for FLUID (H2O) SECRETION
what is the 1ST MESSENGER in FLUID SECRETION from ACINAR CELLS
ACETYLCHOLINE
2ND MESSENGERS in FLUID SECRETION from ACINAR CELLS
- IP3
- INCREASE Ca2+
summary of the 6 STEPS in FLUID SECRETION
- RECEPTOR ACTIVATION (from acetylcholine)
- IP3 generated (using phospholipase C)
- INCREASE Ca2+ conc.
- ION CHANNEL ACTIVATION (Ca2+ and K+)
- ELECTROLYTE SECRETION (Na+)
- FLUID SECRETION
2ND MESSENGER in PROTEIN SECRETION from ACINAR CELLS
CYCLIC AMP
what is XEROSTOMIA
DRY MOUTH
- insufficient / no saliva
what can result from XEROSTOMIA
- RAMPANT CARIES
- CANDIDA INFECTION
CAUSES of XEROSTOMIA
- DRUGS
ANALGESICS, ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES, ANTI-DEPRESSANTS - RADIOTHERAPY
(can damage salivary glands) - DISEASE
eg Sjogren’s syndrome
example of a common DISEASE that can cause XEROSTOMIA and what is it
SJOGER’S SYNDROME
- AUTOIMMUNE
causes SALIVARY GLAND DYSFUNCTION and ATROPHY
