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Gastrointestinal > 4. Ingestion of a Meal > Flashcards

4. Ingestion of a Meal Flashcards

1
Q

BONES of MASTICATION:

A
  • MAXILLA
  • MANDIBLE
  • TEMPORAL
  • HYOID
  • SKULL
  • SPINE
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2
Q

which MUSCLES of MASTICATION CLOSE the Jaw

A
  • TEMPORALIS
    from temporal fossa, inserts onto coronoid process of mandible
  • MASSETER
    from zygomatic process of maxilla, insets into the angle and ramus of the mandible
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3
Q

what does the TEMPORALIS MUSCLE do and where is it ATTACHED (from/to)

A

CLOSES the JAW

  • arises FROM TEMPORAL FOSSA
  • INSERTS onto CORONOID PROCESS of MANDIBLE
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4
Q

what does the MASSETER MUSCLE do and where is it ATTACHED (from/to)

A

CLOSES the JAW

  • arises FROM ZYGOMATIC PROCESS of MAXILLA
  • INSERTS into the ANGLE and RAMUS of MANDIBLE
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5
Q

which MUSCLES of MASTICATION OPEN the JAW

A
  • LATERAL PTERYGOID
    arises from Sphenoid, insets onto Condyloid process of Mandible
  • DIGASTRIC
    (double belly) connect Jaw and Skull to the Hyoid
    Posterior: arises from mastoid notch
    Anterior: arises from Lower border of Mandible
  • INFRAHYOID
    (strap) (4 pairs of muscle)
    connects Hyoid to Clavicle
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6
Q

what does LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE do and where does it ATTACH

A

OPENS JAW

attaches from SPHENOID
onto CONDYLOID PROCESS of MANDIBLE

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7
Q

what does DIGASTRIC MUSCLE do and where does it ATTACH/CONNECT

A

OPENS JAW

Double:
POSTERIOR - connects MASTOID NOTCH (skull) to HYOID

ANTERIOR- connects Lower border of MANDIBLE to HYOID

jaw and skull to hyoid

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8
Q

DIGASTRIC MUSCLE CONNECTS the Mandible/jaw and Skull (Mastoid Notch) to the…

A

HYOID bone

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9
Q

INFRAHYOID MUSCLE has how many Pairs of muscle

A

4 PAIRS

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10
Q

what does INFRAHYOID MUSLCE do and what does it CONNECT

A

OPENS JAW

connects HYOID to CLAVICLE

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11
Q

INFRAHYOID MUSCLE connects HYOID to the…

A

CLAVICLE

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12
Q

LATERAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE attaches the SPHENOID to the …. of the MANDIBLE

A

CONDYLOID PROCESS of Mandible

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13
Q

MASSETER MUSCLE arises from the … of the MAXILLA and inserts into the … and … of the MANDIBLE

A

ZYGOMATIC PROCESS of Maxilla
to
ANGLE and RAMUS of MANDIBLE

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14
Q

ALL MUSCLES of MASTICATION are INNERVATED by …

A

MANDIBULAR BRANCH of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE (V)

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15
Q

The PURPOSE of MASTICATION is to…

A

reduce food to a SWALLOWABLE BOLUS
and
COAT IT with MUCUS (safely swallow without damaging/scratching oesophagus)

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16
Q

is MASTICATION Voluntary or Involuntary

A

VOLUNTARY

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17
Q

how are the CONTROLS of MASTICATION

A
  • VOLUNTARY
  • REFLEXES - jaw unloading reflex (open), jaw-jerk reflex (close)
  • BRAIN STEM PATTERN GENERATOR allows for Ability to chew
  • FINE TUNING of chewing movements via SENSORY PROPRIOCEPTIVE FEEDBACK through PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS and PROPRIOCEPTORS
  • a CHANGE in OCCLUSION (way your teeth meet when your jaws bite together eg following dentistry) will ALTER CHEWING PATTERN
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18
Q

we develop the ABILITY to CHEW through..

A

BRAIN STEM PATTERN GENERATOR

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19
Q

what are the MASTICATION REFLEXES

A
  • JAW UNLOADING reflex (open)
  • JAW-JERK reflex (close)
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20
Q

what is PROPRIOCEPTIVE FEEDBACK in MASTICATION

A

FINE TUNING VIA SENSORY PROPRIOCEPTIVE FEEDBACK

through PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS (attach teeth to jaw) and PROPRIOCEPTORS

  • proprioceptive feedback as teeth come together allows smooth closing of jaw
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21
Q

what are the 3 MOVEMENTS of MASTICATION that the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT (TMJ) allows

A
  • OPEN & CLOSE (HINGE-LIKE)
    ie sharks
  • LATERAL (move jaw SIDE TO SIDE)
    ie cows
  • PROTRUSION & RETRACTION (forward, backward)
    ie squirrels
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22
Q

what type of Joint is the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT

A

SYNOVIAL JOINT

(Diarthrosis - freely moveable)

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23
Q

TMJ is SYNOVIAL with ARTICULAR CAPSULE and SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
this allows it to be..

A

VERY MOBILE

DIARTHROSIS (freely movable joint)

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24
Q

why is TMJ a BILATERAL JOINT

A

Both JOINTS work together
- one on either side of mandible

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25
Q

what does the ARTICULAR DISC do in the TMJ

A

DIVIDES UPPER and LOWER SYNOVIAL COMPARTMENTS

upper: Sliding (arthrodial)
Lower: Rotational (ginglymus)

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26
Q

UPPER SYNOVIAL COMPARTMENT of TMJ allows for..

A

SLIDING movement

  • ARTHRODIAL
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27
Q

LOWER SYNOVIAL COMPARTMENT of TMJ allows for..

A

ROTATIONAL movement

  • GINGLYMUS
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28
Q

TMJ is also a … JOINT in regards to its movements

A

GINGLYMOARTHRODIAL

ginglymus - rotational (lower)
arthrodial - sliding (upper)

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29
Q

what are the FUNCTIONS of SALIVA

A
  • TOOTH MAINTENANCE
    Dilution, Clearance, Buffering
  • LUBRICATION
  • ANTIBACTERIAL/ANTIFUNGAL
  • DIGESTIVE (enzymes)
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30
Q

how does SALIVA allow TOOTH MAINTENANCE

A

by
- DILUTION (of sugars)
- CLEARANCE (swallowing)
- BUFFERING - high Bicarbonate conc. (HCO3-) for acid from plaque bacteria

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31
Q

what happens to (PLAQUE) pH AFTER a MEAL

A

DROPS
- PLAQUE BACTERIA MAKE ACID

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32
Q

what is the CRITIAL pH LEVEL, BELOW which TEETH DEMINERALISE

A

5.5

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33
Q

after a MEAL, as pH DROPS below 5.5 (critical pH) how is brought BACK UP

A

SALIVA PRODUCTION

  • BUFFERS (HCO3- conc.)
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34
Q

what happens BELOW pH 5.5 and why

A

TEETH DEMINERALISE

  • saliva no longer saturated with CALCIUM and PHOSPHATE
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35
Q

what is the name of the CURVE that show TEETH MAINTENANCE by BUFFERING

A

STEPHEN CURVE

  • PLAQUE PH against TIME

rapidly DROPS, then should come back up

faster coming up is ideal
prolonged increase or no increase (no saliva production) is bad

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36
Q

what component of SALIVA makes it good for LUBRICATION

A

Salivary GLYCOPROTEINS
- which are STICKY

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37
Q

STICKY SALIVARY GLYCOPROTEINS allow saliva to..

A

form a THIN LAYER ON the ORAL SURFACES and on FOOD

important for mastication, deglutition, talking

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38
Q

how is SALIVA ANTIBACTERIAL/ANTIFUNGAL

A

PROTECTIVE BARRIER

contains IgA, LYSOZYME (kill pathogens) etc..

39
Q

which ANTIBODY can you find in SALIVA

A

IgA

40
Q

what does SALIVA contain that gives its DIGESTIVE function

A

Salivary AMYLASE
LINGUAL LIPASE

41
Q

DEGLUTITION at ORAL/BUCCAL level:

A

VOLUNTARY

  • bolus pushed to back of mouth by TONGUE
  • TEETH brought together
  • SOFT PALATE ELEVATES to CLOSE NASAL CAVITY
  • LARYNX RISES to CLOSE AIRWAYS
42
Q

DEGLUTITION at PHARYNGEAL level:

A

INVOLUNTARY (Reflex)

  • CRICOPHARYNGEAL SPHINCTER RELAXES to OPEN OESOPHAGUS
  • EPIGLOTTIS steers the bolus OVER the TRACHEA

-> PERISTALSIS starts
(Oesophageal level: peristalsis)

43
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS are INNERVATED by which CRANIAL NERVES

A

VII (7) FACIAL NERVE

IX (9) GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL

44
Q

3 PAIRS of SALIVARY GLANDS are:

A

PAROTID

SUBLINGUAL (below tongue)

SUBMANDIBULAR (below mandible)

+ MINOR GLANDS

45
Q

FACIAL NERVE INNERVATES which SALIVARY GLAND(S)

A

SUBMANDIBULAR & SUBLINGUAL glands

46
Q

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL (9) INNERVATES which SALIVARY GLAND(S)

A

PAROTID

47
Q

which is the LARGEST SALIVARY GLAND

A

PAROTID

48
Q

SALIVARY GLANDS control is sympathetic or parasympathetic?

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

49
Q

FACIAL NERVE (7) receives PARASYMPATHETIC INPUT from the..

A

SUPERIOR SALIVARY NUCLEI
- PONS

50
Q

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (9) receives PARASYMPATHETIC INPUT from the..

A

INFERIOR SALIVARY NUCLEI
- MEDULLA

51
Q

what are the STIMULANTS of SALIVA PRODUCTION / RELEASE

A

MASTICATION (chewing)
TASTE
SMELL
ANTICIPATION - Thought of food (release)

52
Q

what can INHIBIT SALIVA PRODUCTION

A

FEAR

53
Q

FACIAL NERVE receives parasympathetic input from which SALIVARY NUCLEI and where is it

A

SUPERIOR - PONS

54
Q

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE receives parasympathetic input from which SALIVARY NUCLEI and where is it

A

INFERIOR - MEDULLA

55
Q

PAROTID GLAND is INNERVATED by..

A

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE (9)

56
Q

SUBMANDIBULAR and SUBLINGUAL GLANDS are INNERVATED by..

A

FACIAL NERVE (7)

57
Q

what do all SALIVARY GLANDS SECRETE

A

PROTEIN and FLUID

58
Q

PAROTID GLAND has what type of SECRETION

A

SEROUS (watery, runny)

59
Q

SUBLINGUAL GLAND has what type of SECRETION

A

MUCOUS (thick)

60
Q

SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND has what type of SECRETION

A

MUCOUS (thick)

61
Q

MINOR GLANDS have what type of SECRETION

A

MUCOUS

62
Q

which GLANDS have MUCUOUS SECRETIONS

A

MINOR GLANDS & SUBLINGUAL

63
Q

which GLAND(S) have SEROUS SECRETIONS

A

PAROTID

64
Q

which GLAND(S) have MIXED SECRETIONS (serous and mucous)

A

SUBMANDIBULAR

65
Q

what is the CONSTITUENCY of SALIVA DETERMINED BY

A

the NATURE of the secreted PROTEIN

66
Q

what types of CELLS in the SALIVARY GLANDS PRODUCE SALIVA

A

ACINAR CELLS
(grape-like)

SEROUS ACINUS and MUCUS ACINUS

67
Q

what is a SEROUS DEMILUNE

A

2ND LAYER of CELLS in an ACINUS

  • Mucous acinus layer, serous acinus on top

(half moon cross section)

68
Q

what are the DUCTS that the ACINAR CELLS RELEASE SALIVA into, to travel down and enter MOUTH

A
  1. INTERCALATED DUCT (like acinar cells but don’t secrete protein)
  2. STRIATED DUCT
    (MODIFY salivary secretions)
  3. EXCRETORY DUCT
    (carry to mouth)
69
Q

what type of CELLS SURROUND the ACINAR CELLS and what do they do

A

MYOEPITHELIAL CELLS

  • CONTRACT and squeeze produced saliva into ducts
70
Q

which DUCT in SALIVARY GLAND MODIFIES the salivary secretions

A

STRIATED DUCT

71
Q

2 SIDES around ACINAR CELLS

A
  • Basolateral or Blood side
  • Apical or Lumen side
    has brush border to increase SA
72
Q

What do ACINAR CELLS have a LOT of

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (protein synthesis)
and
SECRETORY VESICLES (on apical/lumen side)

73
Q

what BINDS to ACINAR CELLS to stimulate PROTEIN PRODUCTION/SECRETION

A

NORADRENALINE
(SYMPATHETIC)

74
Q

what BINDS to ACINAR CELLS to stimulate FLUID production/secretion

A

ACETYLCHOLINE
(PARASYMPATHETIC)

75
Q

INCREASED PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITY also INCREASES …. to the GLANDS

A

BLOOD FLOW

76
Q

what is the process called whereby PROTEIN and FLUID SECRETION is stimulated from the SALIVARY GLANDS

A

STIMULUS-SECRETION COUPLING

77
Q

NORADRENALINE BINDS to … to stimulate PROTEIN Production/Secretion

A

G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR : BETA ANDRENERGIC RECEPTOR

78
Q

how does NORADRENALINE binding to G-PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR (BETA ANDRENERGIC) on ACINAR CELLS stimulate PROTEIN production and release

A

G-PROTEIN is activated
- alpha subunit activates ADENYLATE CYCLASE

-> converts ATP to CYCLIC AMP

CYCLIC AMP stimulates protein synthesis and secretion

79
Q

in what ways does CYCLIC AMP in the ACINAR cells allow for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS and SECRETION

A
  1. stimulates GENE TRANSCRIPTION in NUCLEUS for PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
  2. in ER and GOLGI stimulates GLYCOSYLATION of PROTEINS
  3. stimulates EXOCYTOSIS
80
Q

which PROTEIN in SALIVA is NOT MADE by ACINAR CELLS

A

IgA

  • Transported across the cell by POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR (PIgR)
81
Q

name of RECEPTOR that IgA BINDS to on ACINAR CELLS and how does is it secreted

A

BINDS to POLYMERIC IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR (PIgR)

  • ENDOCYTOSIS of the RECEPTOR WITH IgA bound
  • TRANSCYTOSIS across the cell
  • EXOCYTOSIS and RELEASE of IgA with a bit of the RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED
82
Q

for FLUID SECRETION ACETYLCHOLINE BINDS to which RECEPTOR on ACINAR CELLS

A

M3 MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR
- G PROTEIN COUPLED

83
Q

in ACINAR CELLS, the binding of ACETYL CHOLINE to G-PROTEIN COUPLED receptor (M3 MUSCARINIC) causes ACTIVATION of which TARGET ENZYME

which GENERATES…

A

PHOSPHOLIPASE C

generates 2nd messenger:
IP3 (Inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate)

84
Q

what does 2ND MESSENGER IP3 cause in ACINAR CELLS (fluid secretion)

A

binds IP3 Receptors mostly on ER

  • receptors are also CALCIUM CHANNELS
    -> RELEASE INTRACELLULAR Ca2+

INCREASE in CA2+ in ACINAR CELLS triggers secretory response

85
Q

how does the INCREASE in Ca2+ in ACINAR CELLS, cause FLUID SECRETION

A

ACTIVATION of CA2+ CHANNEL on APICAL SIDE of ACINAR cell membrane
- Ca2+ OUT

ACTIVATION of K+ CHANNEL on BASOLATERAL SIDE of Acinar cell membrane
- K+ OUT

APICAL SIDE made MORE NEGATIVE than Basolateral

-> DRIVES NA+ SECRETION (between cells from basolateral to apical)

creates OSMOTIC GRADIENT for FLUID (H2O) SECRETION

86
Q

what is the 1ST MESSENGER in FLUID SECRETION from ACINAR CELLS

A

ACETYLCHOLINE

87
Q

2ND MESSENGERS in FLUID SECRETION from ACINAR CELLS

A
  • IP3
  • INCREASE Ca2+
88
Q

summary of the 6 STEPS in FLUID SECRETION

A
  1. RECEPTOR ACTIVATION (from acetylcholine)
  2. IP3 generated (using phospholipase C)
  3. INCREASE Ca2+ conc.
  4. ION CHANNEL ACTIVATION (Ca2+ and K+)
  5. ELECTROLYTE SECRETION (Na+)
  6. FLUID SECRETION
89
Q

2ND MESSENGER in PROTEIN SECRETION from ACINAR CELLS

A

CYCLIC AMP

90
Q

what is XEROSTOMIA

A

DRY MOUTH

  • insufficient / no saliva
91
Q

what can result from XEROSTOMIA

A
  • RAMPANT CARIES
  • CANDIDA INFECTION
92
Q

CAUSES of XEROSTOMIA

A
  • DRUGS
    ANALGESICS, ANTI-HYPERTENSIVES, ANTI-DEPRESSANTS
  • RADIOTHERAPY
    (can damage salivary glands)
  • DISEASE
    eg Sjogren’s syndrome
93
Q

example of a common DISEASE that can cause XEROSTOMIA and what is it

A

SJOGER’S SYNDROME
- AUTOIMMUNE

causes SALIVARY GLAND DYSFUNCTION and ATROPHY

Gastrointestinal (19 decks)

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