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Osteology > 9. The Cranium > Flashcards

9. The Cranium Flashcards

1
Q

Function of skull

A

Provides support and protection for brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What does it mean to say the skull is isotropic?

A

When a force is applied to the cranium, it radiates around the structure rather than focusing on one point

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3
Q

Layers of bones in skull and their composition

A

Inner table - compact bone
Diploe - similar to cancellous bone
Outer table - compact bone

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4
Q

What are wormian bones?

A

Extra irregular bones that occur within a suture in the cranium

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5
Q

What do extocranial and endocranial mean?

A

Extocranial - external skull

Endocranial - inner surface of skull

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6
Q

Cranial bones

A 
Frontal
Parietal (2)
Occipital
Temporal (2)
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
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7
Q

Facial bones

A 
Maxillae (2)
Palatines (2)
Nasals (2)
Lacrimals (2)
Zygomatics (2)
Vomer
Inferior nasal conchae
Mandible
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8
Q

Ear ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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9
Q

Types of adult teeth

A

8 incisors
4 canines
8 premolars
12 molars

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10
Q

Where is the metopic suture?

A

Between frontal bones
Usually completely disappears
Retained metopic suture = non metric trait

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11
Q

Lambda

A

Meeting point of sagittal and lambdoid sutures

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12
Q

Bregma

A

Meeting point of coronal and sagittal sutures

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13
Q

Pterion

A

The region where frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid bones join together

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14
Q

Anterior cranial fossa

A

Consists of frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones

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15
Q

Middle cranial fossa

A

Consists of sphenoid and temporal bones

Contains pituitary and 4 foramen

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16
Q

Posterior cranial fossa

A

Consists of occipital and temporal bones

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17
Q

Articulations of frontal bone

A 
Parietal
Zygomatic
Lacrimal
Nasal
Maxillae
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
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18
Q

Frontal bosses

A

Primary ossification centres

More prominent in females

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19
Q

Glabella

A

Brow ridge

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20
Q

Supraorbital margin

A

Superior half of orbital rim

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21
Q

Supraorbital formen/notch

A

Small groove at the superior/medial margin of orbit

Supraorbital nerve passes through

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22
Q

Frontal crest

A

Anchors falx cerebri

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23
Q

Falx cerebri

A

Large cresecent shaped fold of dura mater

Descends vertically in fissure between cerebral hemispheres of brain

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24
Q

Sagital sulcus

A

Groove left by sagital venous drainage structure in frontal bone

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25
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

Projections from the arachnoid which create small holes in the inner surface of frontal bone

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26
Q

Articulations of parietal bone

A 
Other parietal
Sphenoid
Occipital
Temporal
Frontal
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27
Q

Sagittal sinus

A

Runs alongside endocranial sagittal suture

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28
Q

Where are arachnoid granulations in the parietal bone?

A

Near the sagittal suture

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29
Q

Parietal striae

A

Distinct thin furrows along the squamosal border

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30
Q

Meningeal grooves

A

Created by meninges
In the parietal bone
Begin at front of bone and branch backwards getting thinner

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31
Q

How do you side the parietal bone?

A

90 degree angle at bregma

Middle meningeal vessel anteriorly is close to coronal suture

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32
Q

Articulations of temporal bone

A 
Parietal
Sphenoid
Occipital
Zygomatic
Mandible
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33
Q

Petrous/mastoid portion of temporal bone

A

Houses internal auditory meatus

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34
Q

What does the internal auditory meatus allow?

A

The passage of CNVII and CNVIII

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35
Q

What does the mastoid process have?

A

Mastoid foramina

Mastoid notch

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36
Q

What passes through the mastoid foramina?

A

Occipital veins and arteries

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37
Q

What muscle attaches to the mastoid notch?

A

Digastric

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38
Q

What attaches to the supramastoid/supramental crests?

A

Posterior temporalis muscle

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39
Q

What is the glenoid fossa?

A

Found anterior to the external auditory meatus

Involved in temporomandibular joint

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40
Q

Styloid process of the temporal bone

A

Attachment site for muscles and ligaments including stylohyoid
Has styloid foramen

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41
Q

What passes through the styloid foramen?

A

CNVII

Stylomastoid artery

42
Q

What passes through the jugular foramen/fossa?

What two bones is the jugular foramen between?

A

CNIX
CNX
CNXI

Temporal and occipital

43
Q

Articulations of occipital bone?

A

Parietals
Temporals
Sphenoid

44
Q

Par lateralis of the occipital

A

Unfused lateral parts of occipital bone in young children

Forms occipital condyles that articulate with C1

45
Q

Basilar process of the occipital

A

Undergoes synchondrosis to form a joint with sphenoid

46
Q

What passes through the foramen magnum?

A

Spinal chord

47
Q

What attaches to the superior nuchal line of the occipital?

A

Trapezius

48
Q

What attaches to the middle nuchal line of the occipital?

A

Semispinalis capitis

49
Q

What attaches to the inferior nuchal line of the occipital?

A

Rectus capitis posterior

50
Q

Cruciform eminence

A

Cross shaped ridges that split the occipital bone into 4 sections
Found endocranially
Composed of four fossae

51
Q

What does the superior fossae of the cruciform eminence house?

A

Cerebrum

52
Q

What is the transverse sulcus of the occipital?

A

Groove for the transverse sinus which is continued from the parietal

53
Q

Jugular notch of the occipital

A

Forms posterior border of jugular foramen

anterior portion formed by petrous portion of temporal bone

54
Q

What passes through the hypoglossal canal?

A

CNXII

55
Q

Articulations of sphenoid bone

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Ethmoid
Zygomatics
Temporals
Occipital
Palatine
Vomer
56
Q

Greater wing of sphenoid

A

Articulates with frontal, parietal and temporal bones

57
Q

Lesser wing of sphenoid

A

Sits internally

58
Q

Medial and lateral ptyregoid plates of sphenoid

A

Sit inferio-posteriorly in the ptyregoid fossa
Open posteriorly
Articulate with palatine and maxilla

59
Q

Function of ptyregoid muscles

A

Opening and closing of mouth

60
Q

Where does the pituitary gland sit?

A

Sella turcica

61
Q

Clinoid fossa of the sphenoid

A

Surrounds sella turcica on four corners

Sometimes forms a foramen

62
Q

What passes through superior orbital fissure?

A

CNIII
CNIV
CNVI

63
Q

Where is the superior orbital fissure?

A

Inferior to the lesser wing

Posterior surface of the orbit

64
Q

What passes through the foramen spinosum?

A

Middle meningeal artery

65
Q

What passes through the foramen rotundum?

A

CNV2

66
Q

What passes through foramen ovale

A

CNV3

67
Q

What passes through formen lacerum?

A

Carotid artery

68
Q

Articulations of zygomatic bone

A

Frontal
Temporal
Maxilla
Sphenoid

69
Q

What passes through the zygomaticotermporal foramen?

A

CNVII

70
Q

Articulations of maxilla

A 
Zygomatic
Nasal
Frontal
Lacrimal
Palatine
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
71
Q

What is the frontal process of the maxilla part of?

A

Nasal aperture

72
Q

What is in the alveolar process of the maxilla?

A

Tooth sockets

73
Q

What does the palatine process form?

A

Anterior 2/3rds of palate and nasal cavity

74
Q

What does the anterior nasal spine form?

A

Most inferior and anterior part of nasal aperture

75
Q

What is the canine eminence formed by?

A

Large single root of the canine

76
Q

What passes through the incisive foramen?

A

Blood vessels which supply the palate

77
Q

What passes through the infraorbital foramen?

A

Infraorbital artery

Infraorbital vein

78
Q

What separates the maxilla and the palatine bones?

A

Transverse palatine suture

79
Q

What passes through the greater and lesser palatine foramen?

A

Arteries and nerves

80
Q

What do the nasal bones articulate with?

A

Frontal

Maxilla

81
Q

Articulations of the lacrimal bones?

A

Maxilla
Ethmoid
Frontal
(contribute to orbit)

82
Q

What is inferior to the lacrimal bones?

A

Tear duct

83
Q

How many bones does the ethmoid articulate with?

A 
13:
2 x nasal
2 x maxillae
2 x lacrimal 
2 x palatine
2 x inferior conchae
frontal
vomer
sphenoid
84
Q

What is large surface area of ethmoid used for?

A

Smell

85
Q

What is in the cribiform plate?

A

Olfactory foramina

86
Q

What passes through the olfactory foramina?

A

CNI

87
Q

What does the inferior nasal conchae articulate with?

A

Ethmoid
Maxilla
Lacrimal
Palatine

88
Q

Location of vomer?

A

Deep in nasal aperture

89
Q

Function of vomer?

A

Covered in sensitive tissue that aids smell

90
Q

Articulations of vomer?

A

Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxilla
Palatine

91
Q

Where are the ear ossicles found?

A

Middle ear

92
Q

Function of ear ossicles?

A

Conduct sound to middle ear

93
Q

Articulations of mandible

A

Temporal

Indirectly - hyoid

94
Q

What attaches to the coronoid process of the mandible?

A

Temporalis

95
Q

What attaches to the gonial angle of the mandible?

A

Masseter

usually has a bump = gonial flaring

96
Q

What attaches to the mental spines of the mandible?

A

Genioglossus

97
Q

What passes through the mylohyoid groove of the mandible?

A

Mylohyoid vessels

CNV

98
Q

What is the mylohyoid line of the mandible?

A

Continuation of mylohyoid groove

Attachement site of mylohyoid

99
Q

Where and what are the sublingual and submandibular fossae?

A

Above (sublingual) and below (submandibular) mylohyoid line

Space for the salivary glands

100
Q

What exits the mental foramen of the mandible?

A

CNV3

Osteology (11 decks)

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