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Osteology > 1. Ribs & Sternum > Flashcards

1. Ribs & Sternum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the sternum?

A

Anchors anterior ends of ribs 1-7

Protects cardiorespiratory organs

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2
Q

What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium
Mesosternum
Xiphoid process

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3
Q

Where does the clavicle articulate with the sternum?

A

Clavicular notch

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4
Q

Where do the ribs articulate with the sternum?

A

Costal notches

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5
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

Joint formed by articulation of the manubrium and mesosternum

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6
Q

What are the transverse processes?

A

Raised ridges running laterally across mesosternum between costal notches

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7
Q

What muscles attach to the manubrium?

A

Sternoclediomastoid (goes to temporal bone)

Sternohyoid (goes to hyoid bone)

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8
Q

Action of SCM?

A

head rotation and flexion

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9
Q

Action of sternohyoid?

A

Depression of hyoid

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10
Q

What muscles connects to the manubrium and the mesosternum?

A

Pectoralis major (goes to the humerus)

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11
Q

Action of pec major?

A

Adduction, medial rotation and flexion of arm

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12
Q

Examples of non-metric traits of the sternum?

A

Sternal foramen
Synostosis
Bifid/trifid xiphoid process

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13
Q

What is pectus excavatum?

A

Failure in fusion of sternal plates
Causes compression of thoracic viscera
More common in males than females (3:1)
Indent of the chest

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14
Q

What is pectus carinatum?

A

Overgrowth of costal cartilages which force sternal plates into bowed arrangement
Can cause difficulties in breathing
Outgrowth of the chest

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15
Q

Which ribs are false ribs and why?

A

8-10

articulate with the costal margin

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16
Q

Which ribs are floating ribs and why?

A

11-12
do not connect to sternum or costal cartilages
end in abdominal musculature

17
Q

Which ribs are true ribs and why?

A

1-7

Articulate directly with sternum via costal cartilages

18
Q

What is the pattern of length of ribs?

A

Increase 1-7, decrease 7-12

19
Q

What vertebrae do ribs articulate with?

A

Thoracic vertebrae

20
Q

Characteristics of Rib 1?

A

Rougher superior (grooves for vascular structures - subclavian vein and artery)
Scalene tubercle for anterior scalene msucle
Oriented in transverse plane, no angle
Single whole articular facet on head

21
Q

Characteristics of Rib 2?

A

Starts to deviate inferiorly

Ridge for posterior scalene muscle

22
Q

Characteristics of Rib 11?

A

Singular articular facet on head
Lacks tubercle
Slight angle
Shallow costal groove

23
Q

Characteristics of Rib 12?

A

Similar to rib 11 but shorter with no angle

Shaft tapers to point

24
Q

Examples of non-metric traits of ribs?

A

Extra cervical and lumbar ribs

Bifid ribs - sternal end may be congenitally split

25
Q

What are costal cartilages?

A

Persistent, unossified extensions of cartilaginous models that preceded the fully ossified ribs
Flat bars of hyaline cartilage

26
Q

What do costal cartilages contribute to?

A

Mobility and elasticity of the thorax

27
Q

What is the costochondral junction?

A

Where rib and cartilage merge together with convex tip of cartilage being received by concave end of rib
No movement across joint

28
Q

Properties of 1st costosternal joint?

A

Between costal cartilage 1 and manubrium
Primary cartilaginous
Potential to synostose with age

29
Q

What type of joints are costosternal joints 2-7/8?

A

Synovial

30
Q

What type of joints are costosternal joints 9&10?

A

Rarely synovial

Joint cavity may be absent

31
Q

How does ossification in a ventral direction occur?

A

Morphological alteration of ventral/sternal rib end
OR
Direct ossification of the costal cartilages

32
Q

What problems does the Iscan et al (1984) method suffer from?

A

Depends on preservation and positive identification of 4th rib
Criteria used for method do not allow consistent application between examiners
Separate standards for race and sex
Estimated age ranges provided do not equate to 2SD as normally expected

33
Q

What 3 age related changes did Iscal et al (1984) describe?

A

Pit depth
Pit shape
Rim and wall configuration
…at the end of the 4th rib

Osteology (11 decks)

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