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FN Unit 1 > 9 - Spinal Cord Organizaiton > Flashcards

9 - Spinal Cord Organizaiton Flashcards

1
Q

Three Germ Layers in Embryo

A
  1. Endoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Ectoderm
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2
Q

Endoderm

A
  • Innermost germ layer
  • Develops into GI tract & lungs
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3
Q

Mesoderm

A
  • Middle embryonic layer
  • Forms connective tissue, muscle, bone, and urogenital & circulatory systems
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4
Q

Ectoderm

A
  • Outermost of 3 primary germ layers
  • Forms epidermis, nervous tissue, sense organs
  • Forms neural plate
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5
Q

Neurulation

A

Neural plate folds up and the lateral edges fuse dorsally forming the neural tube

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6
Q

Sulcus Limitans

A

Separates the dorsal alar plate and ventral basal plate

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7
Q

Alar Plate

A
  • Dorsal
  • Broadly sensory
  • Separated from basal plate by sulcus limitans
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8
Q

Basal Plate

A
  • Ventral
  • Broadly motor
  • Separated from alar plate by sulcus limitans
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9
Q

Neural Crest Destiny

A
  • Primary sensory neurons (DRG)
  • Post-ganglionic autonomic neurons
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10
Q

Anencephaly

A
  • Failure of the anterior neuropore to close
  • Results in major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp being absent
  • Generally incompatible with life
  • Infants delivered with this disorder do not live more than a few hours or days
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11
Q

Rachischisis

A
  • Failure of the posterior neuropore to close
  • Results in motor and sensory deficits, chronic infections, and disturbances in bladder function
  • Often cooccurs with anencephaly
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12
Q

Spina Bifida

A
  • Incomplete formation of the vertebrae and meninges surrounding the spinal cord
  • Essentially a less severe form a Rachischisis
  • Three types:
    • Occulta
    • Meningocele
    • Meningomyelocele
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13
Q

Spina Bifida Occulta

A
  • Defect limited to vertebrae
  • Mesodermal signaling that builds the vertebrae is disrupted, so something about the spinal processes doesn’t form well
  • Often is a little dimple in the back
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14
Q

Spina Bifida Meningocele

A
  • Involves meninges
  • Spinal cord and rootlets generally remain in the space they’re supposed to be in
  • But meninges now lie eight below the skin
  • CSF balloons up right below the skin surface
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15
Q

Spina Bifida Meningomyelocele

A
  • Involves meninges and nervous tissue
  • Meninges AND spinal cord and rootlets lie right beneath the skin
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16
Q

of Cervial Vertebrae

A

7

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17
Q

of Thoracic Vertebrae

A

12

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18
Q

of Lumbar Vertebrae

A

5

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19
Q

of Sacral Vertebrae

A

5, fused

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20
Q

Denticulate Ligaments

A
  • Pial adaptation in the spine
  • Projections come off and form scallop-shaped regular attachments to the dura
  • Provide stability
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21
Q

Spinal Cord Protection

A
  1. Central position of spinal cord
  2. Epidural fat, CSF, and meninges cushion
  3. Attachment of dural sheaths on spinal roots
22
Q

Spinal Cord Segments

A

31

23
Q

Spinal Nerve Pairs

A

31

24
Q

Spinal nerve definition

A
  • Merged dorsal and ventral root that arises from each spinal cord segment
  • IS created at the intervertebral foramen
25
Q

Cervical Spinal Nerves

A

8

26
Q

Thoracic Spinal Nerves

A

12

27
Q

Lumbar Spinal Nerves

A

5

28
Q

Sacral/Coccygeal Nerves

A

6

29
Q

Spinal Cord Segment definition

A

Block of gray and white matter related to a particular spinal nerve

30
Q

Ventral Root

A
  • Conveys motor information
  • Is efferent
    • Brings info from ventral gray horn to periphery
31
Q

Dorsal Root

A
  • Afferent
  • Sensory info
  • Uses pseudounipolar DRG
  • One axon in periphery, one in CNS
32
Q

Rami

A
  • Proceed from spinal nerve (splits into two; dorsal and ventral)
  • Carry mixed motor and sensory to the body wall
  • Ventral is bigger
33
Q

Plexus

A

Aggregation of ventral rami in the periphery

34
Q

Myotome Organization

A
  • Proximal to distal down the cord
  • Segmental overlap = several segments would need to be damaged to take out an entire muscle
35
Q
A
  1. Postero-marginal nucleus (most dorsal)
  2. Substantia gelatinosa
  3. Nucleus proprius (most anterior)

All in dorsal horn, at every level of spinal cord

37
Q

Pain and temp DRG sensory neurons enter…

A

…at dorsal horn

38
Q

Neurons for sensory info other than pain and temp enter the dorsal horn at the…

A

…dorsal columns

39
Q

Reticular core of spinal cord

A
  • In intermediate zone
  • Contained interneurons for lower motor neuron pattern generators
40
Q

Dorsal Nucelus of Clarke

A
  • In intermediate gray area
  • Present at levels C8-L3
  • Receives signals from certain muscle proprioceptors
41
Q

Lateral Horn

A
  • T1-L2
  • Contanis intermediolateral cell collumn (preganglionic sympathetic GVE)
42
Q

Intermediolateral cell column T1-L2 (IML)

A
  • Located in lateral horn
  • Preganglionic GVE sympathetic cell bodies
43
Q

Intermediolateral Cell Column S2-S4

A
  • Preganglionic parasympathethic cell bodies
  • Does NOT form a lateral horn (too small)
44
Q

GSE Motor Neuron Organization in SC

A
  • Medial = trunk
  • Lateral = limbs
  • Dorsal = flexor
  • Ventral = extensor
45
Q

3 important independent motor nuclei in SC Ventral Horn

A
  1. Spinal accessory nucleus
  2. Phrenic nucleus
  3. Onuf’s nucleus
46
Q

Spinal Accessory Nucleus

A
  • Independent motor nuclei in SC ventral horn
  • C1-C5
  • Origin of accessory nerve (XI)
  • Somatomotor control of trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
47
Q

Phrenic Nucleus

A
  • Independent motor nucleus of SC ventral horn
  • C3-C5
  • Origin of phrenic nerve for somatomotor control of diaphragm
48
Q

Onuf’s Nucleus

A
  • Independent motor nucleus of SC ventral horn
  • S1-S4
  • Origin of the pudendal nerve for somatomotor (voluntary) control of the urethral and anal sphincters
49
Q

Spinal lesions above T12 result in…

A
  • Spastic bladder (reflexive voiding)
  • Afferent bladder info is coming in
  • Descending brainstem control to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in cord levels L1/L2 is disrupted
  • Descending upper motor neuron control to Onuf’s nucleus is also disrupted
50
Q

Spinal lesions below T12

A
  • flaccid (atonic) bladder
  • Both afferent and efferent are damaged because it’s after the end of the spinal cord
51
Q

SC Nuclei with restricted levels

A
  • Clarke’s nucleus C8-L3
  • IML T1-L2
  • Lateral group LMN C4-T1, L2-S2
52
Q

3 major spinal cord tracts (ascending vs descending)

A
  1. Lateral corticospinal tract: descending (motor)
  2. Dorsal column system: ascending (sensory)
  3. Spinothalamic tract: ascending (sensory)

FN Unit 1 (23 decks)

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