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FN Unit 1 > 1 - Neurophysiology > Flashcards

1 - Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

CNS Cell Types

A

Glia, Neurons

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2
Q

Parallel Processing

A

multiple processes occur simultaneously to increase speed, reliability

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3
Q

Divergence

A

one neuron distributes signal to many other neurons

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4
Q

Convergence

A
  • Many neurons converge onto one neuron (on average, 7000)
  • Summation of input determines if an action potential will occur
  • You can see both divergence and convergence in one neural pathway/system
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5
Q

Feed Forward/Back Types

A
  1. Feedforward excitation
  2. Feedforward inhibition
  3. Feedback/Recurrent Excitation
  4. Feedback/Recurrent Inhibition
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6
Q

Feedforward Excitation

A

neuron A synapses directly to neuron B, causes AP

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7
Q

Feedforward Inhibition

A

neuron A excites inhibitory interneuron X which inhibits neuron B

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8
Q

Feedback/Recurrent Excitation

A

neuron A excites neuron B which has collateral that feeds back to neuron A to continue/promote excitation

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9
Q

Feedback/Recurrent Inhibition

A

neuron A excites neuron B which has a collateral that feeds-back to interneuron X that inhibits A

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10
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Found only in cell body (not in axon)
  • For synthesis of proteins to be packages
  • Identified as “Nissl” bodies
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11
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Moification and packaging of:

  • proteins
  • enzymes
  • chemical messengers
  • vesicles containing neurotransmitters
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12
Q

Anterograde Transport

A
  • Microtubules of neuron cytoskeletal components
  • Transports materials produced in cell body to end of axon
    • Mainly, neurotransmitter vesicles
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13
Q

Retrograde Transport

A
  • Microtubules of neuron cytoskeleton
  • Transport from axon to cell body
  • Removes waste, metabolites
  • Use of horseradish peroxidase (dye) shows axon-cell body connectivity
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14
Q

How to increase post-synaptic surface area

A
  • Dendritic arborization (branching)
  • Dendritic spines/gemmules (projections for sites of contact)
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15
Q

Myelination cells in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

Myelination cells in PNS

A

Schwann cells

17
Q

Myelination purpose

A
  • Insulation for saltatory conduction
  • Insulation between axons so they don’t influence each other
18
Q

Ion channel location in

  • Myelinated axon
  • Unmelinated axon
A

Myelinated: concentrated at unmyelinated Nodes of Ranvier

Unmyelinated: distributed evenly along length of axon

19
Q

Initial Segment

A
  • FIrst part of axon, at/below axon hillock
  • Transition zone containing voltage-gated Na+ channels
  • Where summation of inputs from all presynaptic cells determines whether an AP will result or not
20
Q
A

Multipolar neuron

  • Most common CNS neuron
  • All peripheral motor neurons

A) Dendrites

B) Soma

C) Axon

21
Q
A

Pseudounipolar neuron

  • Most common peripheral sensory neuron
  • Cell body sends off one axon and one dendrite that fuse together and split to make one long process that functions as an axon at both branch ends
    • One branch projets to periphery, one to CNS

A) Peripheral process

B) Soma

C) Central process

22
Q
A

Bipolar neuron

  • One arborized dendrite, one arborized axon
  • ALWAYS special sensory neurons

A) Peripheral process

B) Soma

C) Central process

23
Q
A

Unipolar Neurons

  • No dendrite
  • Not usually in vertebrates

A) Soma

B) Axon

24
Q

4 types of glial cells

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Ependymal cells
25
Q

Glial Cell Functions

A

**Basically provide a favorable environment for neurons

  1. Development
  2. Neuroplasticity (especially after a lesion to the CNS, it’s involved in clearing debris)
  3. In PNS, involved in promoting regeneration of an axon
  4. Support neuron function by controlling movement of nutrients, removing metabolites, maintain NT balances in synaptic clefts, insulating axons, and isolating neurons
  5. After neural injury, astrocytes, oligodendroglia and microglia all proliferate and form glial scar tissue, isolating the damaged tissue but also inhibiting neural repair.
26
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Most numerous glia cells
  • Tons of functions of support, repair, and scaffolding
  • Two types:
    • Fibrous: in white matter (axons)
    • Protoplasmic: in gray matter (Cell bodies)
27
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Type of glial cell
  • More in white matter than gray matter
  • Responsible for myelination of CNS axons
  • High electrical resistance, low conductivity
  • Modulate rate of signal propagation
  • One oligodendrocyte can myelinate up to 30 axons
28
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • Glial cells
  • Produce, circulate CSF
  • Helps form choroid plexus
  • Include tanycytes (modified ependymal cells in 3rd ventricle)
29
Q

Microglia

A
  • Glial cells
  • Macrophages in CNS
  • Remove foreign pathogens and cellular debris
  • Participate in inflammatory and degenerative reactions
30
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70 mV

31
Q

Threshold Membrane Potential

A

-55 mV

32
Q

Forces maintaining resting state membrane potential

A
  1. Passive non-gated ion channels
  2. Passive electrical forces
  3. Na/K pump (requires ATP)
33
Q

Chemical Synapse

A

At presynaptic membrane, AP opens voltage-gated calcium (Ca) channels, permitting influx of Ca++ ions into axon terminal which triggers fusion of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane. NTs are released into synaptic cleft via exocytosis.

Can be:

  • Ionotropic (NT, direct/rapid effect)
  • Metabotropic (NM, G-protein coupled receptor, slow/indirect effect)
34
Q

Major classes of neurotransmitters

A
  • Amino acids
    • Small, fast-acting
    • Excitatory or inhibitory
  • Amines
    • Small neuromodulators (G-protein receptors)
    • Excitatory or inhibotory based on receptor it binds to
  • Peptides
    • Large neuromodulators (G-protein)
    • Excitatory or inhibotory based on receptor it binds to
35
Q

Amino Acid

A
  • Small fast-acting neurotransmitters
  • Excitatory: glutamate and aspartate
  • Inhibitory: GABA (gamma-amino-butyric acid) and glycine
36
Q

Amines

A
  • Small molecules that are neuromodulators (G-protein coupled receptor)
  • Can be either excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the receptor it binds to.
  • Examples include acetylcholine, the catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine), serotonin, and histamine.
37
Q

Peptides

A
  • Large neuromodulators that bind to G-protein coupled receptors
  • Can be either excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the receptor.
  • Examples include dynorphin, beta-endorphin, enkephalin and substance P.

FN Unit 1 (23 decks)

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