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Anthroplogy > 9. Politics & Power > Flashcards

9. Politics & Power Flashcards

1
Q

Political organization?

A

The way a society maintains order internally and managers affairs externally

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2
Q

How does politics relate to a wide range of actions and relationships that has to do with power?

A

Individuals, parent &kid, teacher & student

Larger groups, communities, nations

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3
Q

What do cultural anthologies look at when examining politics and power?

A

How power is distributed and used within a society

How societies regulate the power relations between their own and other groups

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4
Q

Power?

A

The ability to compel another person to do something that he or she would not do otherwise
Threat of punishment
Promise of reward

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5
Q

What does the use or misuse of power lead to?

A

Unequal social status and distribution of resources

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6
Q

What are the two main ways of power?

A

Coercively, physical force or threat

Persuasively, changing someone’s behavior through argumentation using religious or cultural beliefs

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7
Q

Authority?

A

The use of legitimate power

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8
Q

Prestige?

A

A type of social reward that can only be given to a person bt others, Positive reputation or high regard

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9
Q

Internalized control?

A

Impulses that guide a person towards the right behavior based on a moral system
Cultural/religious norms

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10
Q

External controls?

A

Rules that regulate behavior by encouraging conformity to social norms; negative (punishments) or positive (rewards) imposed from outside the social group

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11
Q

Sanctions?

A

Punishments that results from breaking rules, informal or formal

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12
Q

Gossip?

A

Effective informal social sanction

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13
Q

Two types of political systems?

A

Make decisions collectively - uncentralized

Concentrated power - centralized

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14
Q

Uncentralized power + what society?

A

A political system with no centralized governing body and in which decisions are made by the community

Smaller, more homogeneous societies: Band and tribes

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15
Q

How are rights and responsibilities organized in decentralized political systems?

A

Along family lines

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16
Q

Centralized system + what society

A

A political system with a centralized governing body that has the power to use authority

Larger more complex, heterogeneous societies: States and chiefdoms

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17
Q

Cultural materialism?

A

An anthropological theory-guided by the idea that the external pressures of the environment dictate cultural practices.

And if adaptations are neccessart for the society’s organization to survive in its environment

18
Q

Four different kinds of societies?

A

Bands
Tribes
Chiefdom
State

19
Q

Band?

A

Small egalitarian society of food foragers who live and travel together

Decentralized power, enforced by social sanctions -> informal community control

20
Q

Tribes?

A

Higher population density, living in separate villages spread out over a wide area

Decentralized power, horticulturalists or pastoralists

21
Q

What is it that ties villages together by real or fictive kinship and language?

A

Clan membership to a common ancestor, real or mythical

22
Q

Who has the power in a decentralized system?

A

Can be egalitarian or have a ranked system

Leaders based on skills, experience or being born in a high-status clan

23
Q

Ranked system?

A

Hereditary positions of status and prestige are passed down family lines.

Equal access to resources but more effort = elevated social position

24
Q

Age sets?

A

Groups that bring people together based on age and common concerns

25
Q

Chiefdoms?

A

Type of political organization with centralized power, complex social structure, and large population

Ranked society

Intensive agriculturalists, pre-industrial societies with villages linked by districts

26
Q

Chiefdoms what kind of power?

A

Centralized government and formalized leadership is required to the population size

Ranked society: The chief is generally hereditary office and not elected

27
Q

States?

A

Type of political organization in a highly populated, industrialized society with a strong centralized government with authority to control by force

Heterogeneous society

28
Q

Stratified society/social stratification?

A

A social system in which one’s position in the social hierarchy equals one status results in an uneven distribution of power and resources.

Social mobility - May arise due to specialization of roles and more complex tasks

29
Q

Euphemisms?

A

A polite or socially acceptable word or phrase that is used in place of one that is unpleasant or offensive

30
Q

Social mobility?

A

The ability for members of society to rise or fall in social class

31
Q

Class vs Caste?

A

Class:
Archived status determined by wealth & status

Social mobility

Influences occupation & marriage

Caste:
Ascribed status, determined by birth

No social mobility

Determines occupation & marriage

32
Q

What has the small percentage of freshwater access led to?

A

Unequal distribution. Around 1 billion people do not have access to clean drinking water

33
Q

Clean water is a human need but how is it not treated like one?

A

Privatization of water makes it difficult for marginalized and rural people to access it

34
Q

What is usually the reason behind violence within or between groups?

A

Power inequalities

35
Q

Raid?

A

Violence in which members of one group aim to steel or recover items, animals or people from another group in the same society

Short-term incursions with a specific goal

36
Q

Freud?

A

Ongoing violent relations between two groups in the same society
A long-term hostile relationship with the goals or revenge

37
Q

Warfare?

A

An extended violent conflict in which one side attempts to kill as many people or destroy as much property as possible until one side surrenders

38
Q

Endo- and exo-canibalism?

A

Endo: eating the flesh of people within one’s society especially family

Exo: outside one’s society

39
Q

Sectarian violence?

A

When groups divided by ethnicity or religion explode with tension that has built for decades or even centuries

40
Q

What are some reasons for war?

A

Growing populations and demand for resources, fight over them

When other methods such as diplomacy or economic sanctions have failed

41
Q

Why can’t large-scale warfare exist without large-scale societies?

A

Centralized states? surplus of food and resources

42
Q

Example of cultural norms that lessen social tension?

A

Small groups such as foragers or small-scale farmers value cooperation for survival more than aggression

Anthroplogy (13 decks)

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