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Anthroplogy > 4. Language > Flashcards

4. Language Flashcards

1
Q

Language?

A

A symbolic system of communication expressing meaning through voice, gestures and writing.

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2
Q

What the multiple factors that influence one’s speech?

A
  • Biological, use mouth and throat
  • Sociocultural, gender, socio-economic status, education, geographic region + use it to socialize
  • Political, expressed in relationships where power is constantly negotieted
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3
Q

Syntax?

A

Grammar

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4
Q

Semantics?

A

Meaning

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5
Q

Pragmatics?

A

Contextual meaning

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6
Q

What role did trust play in the development of language?

A

Trust and cooperation allowed members of a social group to accept that sounds had meaning

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7
Q

Why can’t apes speak?

A

The brain lacks the strong neural connection of human brains

Different musculature around throat and mouth -> larynx dropped

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8
Q

What is communication?

A

A process of transmitting a message from a sender to a receiver

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9
Q

What does it mean that communication is based on signs?

A

Signs carrying multure messages, signifiers and signified

  • Verbalized, written and spoken
  • Performed, bodily actions, rituals, repetitions
  • Materialized, objects, foods, tools, clothes
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10
Q

The two different types of signs used to communicate?

A 
Index sign (Direct link):
Emotional expressions that carry meaning directly related to the response (scream of fear)

Symbol (Indirect link):
Stands for something else that has no apparent connection to the meaning

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11
Q

Displacement?

A

Humans use symbols freely like in planning

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12
Q

Agency?

A

Use words to deceive or persuade, politics of social order

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13
Q

Honorifics?

A

Linguistic way to show honor or respect

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14
Q

What do linguistic anthropologists do?

A

Studies the way that language, social life and culture intertwine

Document a language, break it down into its components

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15
Q

Phonetics?

A

The study of the sounds in human speech

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16
Q

Phonemics?

A

The smallest unit of sound that affects meaning

17
Q

Morpheme?

A

The smallest part of a word that conveys meaning. “Textbooks”, three units

Morpheme differed from phonemics because they can contain several sounds.

18
Q

Paralanguage?

A

All the ways we express meaning through sounds beyond words. There are two kinds

19
Q

Voice qualities?

A

Type of paralanguage. Background characteristics of a person’s voice, pitch, rhythm, articulation and lip movements

20
Q

Vocalization?

A

Type of paralanguage. Intentional sounds we make to express ourselves but are not actual words. “uh oh”, “Ahh”, “huh”

21
Q

Non-verbal communication?

A

Very specific set of unspoken rules; gestures, body movements and facial expressions

22
Q

The three types of non-verbal communication?

A

Proxemics:
The cultural use of space
- How close people stand to each other based on the relationship
- How space is organized in homes and cities

Kinesics:
Cultural use of body movements

Haptics:
Touch

23
Q

Ethnolinguistics?

A

The study of the relationship between language and culture. (a subset of linguistic anthropology)

24
Q

Linguistic relativity?

A

The idea, studied by Benjamin Whorf, that the language one speaks shapes the way one sees the world.

25
Q

Linguist determinism?

A

The idea that the language one speaks locks a person into seeing the world a certain way - NOT accurate

26
Q

Cosmologies.

A

A shared understanding of the world. Determines what metaphors we use, example illnesses is like war; Fight a cold
Build resistance
Heart attack

27
Q

Speech communities?

A

Groups of speakers that share the same expectations and rules about a language.

28
Q

Code-switching?

A

Switch between speech styles (codes) known to each group

29
Q

Language register?

A

Different levels of speech formality within the same language (honorifics)

30
Q

What are some reasons for language loss?

A
  • Genocide leaves no living speakers
  • Evolve into other languages
  • Deliberate suppression of a dominant group
31
Q

Why is it important to preserve a language?

A

It encodes all the cultural information. Many words and phrases can’t be accurately translated.

Anthroplogy (13 decks)

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