8. Gender & Sexuality Flashcards
Discourse?
Written or spoken communication on a topic, especially one extending over a period of time
Sex?
Biological and physiological differences of human beings based on sex chromosomes, hormones, reproductive structures, and external genitalia
Sexuality?
Attraction, whether romantic or physical
Gender?
A person’s internal experience of their identity as male, female, both, or neither, as well as the expression of that identity in social behavior
Intersex?
Having a combination of physiological or morphological traits of both sexes
Sexual orientation?
Romantic or sexual attraction to another person.
Maybe formed biologically, or in conjunction with social factors
How is sexual orientation expressed?
Within a set of cultural values and expectations.
Some societies have more and less tolerance for a range of sexual orientations
Pansexual?
Attracted to anyone regardless of gender or sexuality
Polysexual?
Attracted to several specified genders or sexes
Aromantic?
Feel sexual feeling towards others but not romantic
Asexual?
Having few or no sexual feeling
Androphilia and Gynophilia?
Romantic or sexual attraction to men
… women
Earliest Western evidence for male same-sex relationships?
Greece, older men would enter sexual relationships with younger men and function as a mentor
Ecological hypothesis for acceptance of homosexuality?
Accepted in societies that experience pressure from population growth and food storages
Not every couple will produce an offspring -> regulation population levels
Socio-political hypothesis for acceptance of homosexuality?
Correlation between societies in which abortion is prohibited and intolerance for homosexuality.
Religious law that colonizers imposed on traditional societies
Gender roles? universal?
Culturally appropriate roles of individuals in society.
Normative expectations
Gender roles are not universal, value different traits in men and women
Margret Mead?
A pioneering figure in early cultural anthropology, one of the first female anthropologists to undertake long-term fieldwork
Produced academic studies addressing issues such as gender roles, family and childhood development
What did Margret Meads’s work show?
Gender roles are not biological.
Culture is an important factor in creating different values and expectation
What are the two parts of gender?
Gender identity, one’s sense of self as a man or women
Gender expression, external expression of that identity example hair or clothes
Cisgender?
Their gender identity matches their biologically assigned sex
Transgender?
Internally experience their gender different from their assigned sex at birth
People who experience their identity or expression on a spectrum may identify as?
Gender queer
Gender fuild
Other terms that matches their experience
When might expression of identity through pronouns be extra difficult for non-binary people?
Whose native language is gendered
Dysphoria?
A medical term of unmatched gender identity and sex assignment,
Problematic, since it assumes the experience, causes distress, but the potential stress comes from social stigma rather than biomedical issues
Two-spirit?
A Native American or First Nations person who identifies with a third gender, or sometimes a gay man or women
Third gender?
Nither manor women, but with elements of both
Hijras?
A third gender role found in India and Pakistan in which people assigned male sex at birth or intersex individuals adopt feminine gender expression.
Live in communal homes and have a spiritual role, thus require abstinence -> surgery to remove male genitalia
How are the Hijras treated?
Even though Hinduism and the law accept hires, so does not the public.
They are forced to live on the margins of society due to discrimination.
Body modifications? 3 examples
Altering the body for reasons of identity, attractiveness or social status
Ta moko
Scarification
Female genital mutilation (maladaptive rite of passage before marriage)
Rites of passage?
Rituals making life’s important transitions from one social or biological role to another
Ta moko?
Full facial tattoo earned by male Maori warriors
Commodification? + example
Process of turning something into an object to be bought and sold
Example, traditional ta moko designs used by Western wearers who lack knowledge of their significance
Gendered speech?
Different speech patterns based on the cultural expectation of each sex.
Example, tag questions that ask for confirmation that it is a valid opinion
Gender stratification?
The hierarchical division of men and women in society
Why is gender inequality not natural?
Because social status and expectations vary across cultures, meaning its connected to social norms
what’s the consistent connection between power?
The distribution of food.
Women control, equal status
MEn control (especially meat), dominate women socially and politically + more abuse on women
How are daily expectations of men and women behavior a sign of gender stratification? + restrictions
In equal societies, the expectations will be more similar
Restrictions for women behaviour, which men are exempt for example dress code
the Kayan women of Burna and gender stratification?
Women wear coiled brass neck rings that give the illusions of an elongated neck
Gender inequality stemming from women perceived worth as tourist attractions
Japanese Host Boys?
Women pay to spend time with a boy while he compliments her and make her feel attractive.
