8. Gender & Sexuality

Question 1

Discourse?

Answer 1

Written or spoken communication on a topic, especially one extending over a period of time

Question 2

Sex?

Answer 2

Biological and physiological differences of human beings based on sex chromosomes, hormones, reproductive structures, and external genitalia

Question 3

Sexuality?

Answer 3

Attraction, whether romantic or physical

Question 4

Gender?

Answer 4

A person’s internal experience of their identity as male, female, both, or neither, as well as the expression of that identity in social behavior

Question 5

Intersex?

Answer 5

Having a combination of physiological or morphological traits of both sexes

Question 6

Sexual orientation?

Answer 6

Romantic or sexual attraction to another person.

Maybe formed biologically, or in conjunction with social factors

Question 7

How is sexual orientation expressed?

Answer 7

Within a set of cultural values and expectations.

Some societies have more and less tolerance for a range of sexual orientations

Question 8

Pansexual?

Answer 8

Attracted to anyone regardless of gender or sexuality

Question 9

Polysexual?

Answer 9

Attracted to several specified genders or sexes

Question 10

Aromantic?

Answer 10

Feel sexual feeling towards others but not romantic

Question 11

Asexual?

Answer 11

Having few or no sexual feeling

Question 12

Androphilia and Gynophilia?

Answer 12

Romantic or sexual attraction to men

… women

Question 13

Earliest Western evidence for male same-sex relationships?

Answer 13

Greece, older men would enter sexual relationships with younger men and function as a mentor

Question 14

Ecological hypothesis for acceptance of homosexuality?

Answer 14

Accepted in societies that experience pressure from population growth and food storages

Not every couple will produce an offspring -> regulation population levels

Question 15

Socio-political hypothesis for acceptance of homosexuality?

Answer 15

Correlation between societies in which abortion is prohibited and intolerance for homosexuality.

Religious law that colonizers imposed on traditional societies

Question 16

Gender roles? universal?

Answer 16

Culturally appropriate roles of individuals in society.
Normative expectations

Gender roles are not universal, value different traits in men and women

Question 17

Margret Mead?

Answer 17

A pioneering figure in early cultural anthropology, one of the first female anthropologists to undertake long-term fieldwork

Produced academic studies addressing issues such as gender roles, family and childhood development

Question 18

What did Margret Meads’s work show?

Answer 18

Gender roles are not biological.

Culture is an important factor in creating different values and expectation

Question 19

What are the two parts of gender?

Answer 19

Gender identity, one’s sense of self as a man or women

Gender expression, external expression of that identity example hair or clothes

Question 20

Cisgender?

Answer 20

Their gender identity matches their biologically assigned sex

Question 21

Transgender?

Answer 21

Internally experience their gender different from their assigned sex at birth

Question 22

People who experience their identity or expression on a spectrum may identify as?

Answer 22

Gender queer
Gender fuild
Other terms that matches their experience

Question 23

When might expression of identity through pronouns be extra difficult for non-binary people?

Answer 23

Whose native language is gendered

Question 24

Dysphoria?

Answer 24

A medical term of unmatched gender identity and sex assignment,

Problematic, since it assumes the experience, causes distress, but the potential stress comes from social stigma rather than biomedical issues

Question 25

Two-spirit?

Answer 25

A Native American or First Nations person who identifies with a third gender, or sometimes a gay man or women

Question 26

Third gender?

Answer 26

Nither manor women, but with elements of both

Question 27

Hijras?

Answer 27

A third gender role found in India and Pakistan in which people assigned male sex at birth or intersex individuals adopt feminine gender expression.

Live in communal homes and have a spiritual role, thus require abstinence -> surgery to remove male genitalia

Question 28

How are the Hijras treated?

Answer 28

Even though Hinduism and the law accept hires, so does not the public.
They are forced to live on the margins of society due to discrimination.

Question 29

Body modifications? 3 examples

Answer 29

Altering the body for reasons of identity, attractiveness or social status

Ta moko
Scarification
Female genital mutilation (maladaptive rite of passage before marriage)

Question 30

Rites of passage?

Answer 30

Rituals making life’s important transitions from one social or biological role to another

Question 31

Ta moko?

Answer 31

Full facial tattoo earned by male Maori warriors

Question 32

Commodification? + example

Answer 32

Process of turning something into an object to be bought and sold

Example, traditional ta moko designs used by Western wearers who lack knowledge of their significance

Question 33

Gendered speech?

Answer 33

Different speech patterns based on the cultural expectation of each sex.
Example, tag questions that ask for confirmation that it is a valid opinion

Question 34

Gender stratification?

Answer 34

The hierarchical division of men and women in society

Question 35

Why is gender inequality not natural?

Answer 35

Because social status and expectations vary across cultures, meaning its connected to social norms

Question 36

what’s the consistent connection between power?

Answer 36

The distribution of food.

Women control, equal status

MEn control (especially meat), dominate women socially and politically + more abuse on women

Question 37

How are daily expectations of men and women behavior a sign of gender stratification? + restrictions

Answer 37

In equal societies, the expectations will be more similar

Restrictions for women behaviour, which men are exempt for example dress code

Question 38

the Kayan women of Burna and gender stratification?

Answer 38

Women wear coiled brass neck rings that give the illusions of an elongated neck

Gender inequality stemming from women perceived worth as tourist attractions

Question 39

Japanese Host Boys?

Answer 39

Women pay to spend time with a boy while he compliments her and make her feel attractive.