9 - Personality Disorders Flashcards
Personality function involves regulation of:
- individual levels of arousal, impulsivity and emotions
- self-directness and self-soothing
- reality testing
- maintaining an integrated sense of self over time
- social cooperativeness
Personality disorders are disorders that:
• begin early in development and last a lifetime
• tend to be inflexible and pervasive across different
domains of functioning
• lead to clinically significant distress or impairment
• are not due to another mental disorder or the direct
physiological effects of a substance or medical
condition
• deviate markedly from the expectation of the person’s
culture
What are the major components of clinical features in personality disorders?
Intrapersonal component
Interpersonal component
Social component
What are the symptom subtypes in personality disorders?
Arousal Affect Cognition Somatic self-identity Psychological self-identity
What are the diagnostic clusters of personality disorders?
Cluster A (odd, eccentric types) Cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic types) Cluster C (anxious and fearful types)
What are the cluster A (odd, eccentric types) personality disorders?
Paranoid personality disorder
Schizoid personality disorder
Schizotypal personality disorder
What are the cluster B (dramatic, emotional or erratic types) personality disorders?
Borderline personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Antisocial personality disorder
Hysterical and histrionic personality disorder
What are the cluster C (anxious and fearful types) personality disorders?
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Dependent personality disorder
What does Kramer’s cycle of dysphoric self-consciousness in PPD consist of?
Appraisal of social situation Dysphoric self-consciousness Hypervigilance and rumination Activation of paranoid cognitive biases and behaviours Exacerbation of self-consciousness
What is the role of childhood neglect and attachment in StPD?
Development of StPD associated with childhood neglect, hyper-sensitivity to criticism, passivity, and lack of engagement in early years, along with anxious-avoidant attachment styles
These attachment styles seem to predict both positive and negative schizotypy
What are the components of CBTpd?
Cognitive techniques
Behavioural techniques
Imagery used to help restructure past experiences
What is important in CBT for cluster A personality disorders?
Eliciting trust by exploring ambivalence, respecting client’s autonomy and emotional boundaries
Exploring the impact and accuracy of unhelpful beliefs
Experimenting with adaptive social behaviours
What is the maintenance model for paranoid, schizotypal and schizoid PDs?
Triggering event leads to appraisal, misinterpretation (NATs)
NATs result in safety behaviours, which prevent disconformation and causes changes in environment, reinforcing NATs
NATs cause emotional consequences, leading to information processing changes, reinforcing NATs
What is BPD?
A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect, and marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five (or more) symptoms
