9 – Memory 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a dissociation, in memory testing?

A

When a variable affects performance on one memory task but has no effect, or a different effect, on another task.

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2
Q

What dissociation is shown in the effects of amnesia on implicit and explicit memory?

A

Amnesia: affects explicit but not implicit memory performance. Amnesiacs perform more poorly than normals on tests of recall and recognition, but show equal priming for implicit tests (word fragment identification and word stem completion).

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3
Q

What’s the difference in instruction between implicit and explicit memory tasks?

A

In implicit tasks there’s no instruction that they should memorise anything.

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4
Q

Word fragment completion tasks and word stem completion tasks are usually tests of which kind of memory?

A

Implicit

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5
Q

What evidence did Roediger (1990) offer to suggest a transfer-appropriate processing effect for implicit, but not explicit, memory?

A

When people are shown a mixture of pictures and words, they have better recall (explicit memory) for the names of the pictures than for the words. When asked to complete a word fragment, they perform better for the words than for the pictures.

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6
Q

In memory experiments, what is a perceptual identification task?

A

A task when participants are asked whether a presented item (e.g. a word) is one they have seen before in the test.

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7
Q

What is a double dissociation?

A

When two experimental manipulations each have different effects on two dependent variables. One manipulation affects the first variable and not the second, the other manipulation affects the second variable and not the first. If one can demonstrate that a lesion in brain structure A impairs function X but not Y, and further demonstrate that a lesion to brain structure B impairs function Y but spares function X, one can make more specific inferences about brain function and function localization.

Another example: If your TV set suddenly loses the color you can conclude that picture transmission and color information must be separate processes (single dissociation: they cannot be independent because you cannot lose the picture and still have the color). If on the other hand you have two TV sets, one without sound and one without a picture you can conclude that these must be two independent functions (double dissociation).

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8
Q

How do implicit and explicit memory appear to vary across depth of processing? Use evidence from Jacoby’s 1983 double dissociation study.

A

Explicit memory improves with depth of processing; implicit memory worsens with depth of processing.

In Jacoby’s study, words were given in three study conditions (shallow, intermediate, deep), A recognition task showed better memory performance the deeper the processing.

A perceptual ID task showed the opposite –people’s implicit memory performance (ability to identify old vs new word) was highest for shallow processing and lowest for deep.

Jacoby study posited as evidence that implicit and explicit memory systems are distinct –as the same manipulation had completely different effects.

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9
Q

What criticisms are there of the validity of explicit and implicit memory tasks? What other explanation is there for the results of dissociation studies?

A

They are not pure measures. Sometimes in a recognition task you can use explicit memory (I remember word ‘bicycyle’ because I just bought one); sometimes you’re just guessing implicitly. Given this, many results of dissociation studies can be explained in terms of transfer-appropriate processing.

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10
Q

What 3 pieces of evidence from dissociation studies suggest that explicit and implicit memory rely on different systems?

A

Single dissociations
1. Amnesia affects explicit but not implicit memory performance
2. Match between modality of encoding and retrieval affects implicit but not explicit tasks
3. Double dissociations
Explicit memory is better following deeper encoding; implicit is better after shallow processing

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11
Q

A double dissociation is consistent with _________ ________ implicit and explicit memory systems

A

A double dissociation is consistent with anatomically separate implicit and explicit memory systems

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12
Q

How does Roediger (1990) explain the results of dissociation studies using the principle of transfer-appropriate processing?

A

Memory depends on match between encoding and retrieval. Implicit and explicit memory tasks involve different retrieval processes and therefore benefit from different encoding processes. Explicit memory tasks requires conceptually driven retrieval
and therefore benefit from deep, conceptually driven
encoding. Implicit memory tasks depends on perceptual familiarity of the stimulus, and so benefit from shallow, data-driven retrieval.

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13
Q

Shallow processing tasks are ______-_____ (e.g. read out the word ‘cold’)

Deeper processing tasks are ________-_____ (e.g. hot / c_ _ _)

A

Shallow processing tasks are Data-driven (e.g. read out the word ‘cold’)

Deeper processing tasks are conceptually-driven (e.g. hot / c_ _ _)

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14
Q

What’s the difference in encoding and retrieval processes between implicit and explicit memory tasks?

A

In implicit memory tasks a word is activated and retrieved on account of its familiarity. This is automatic, involuntary retrieval. If word has been activated, it will be more likely to be retrieved if the word was initially processed in a data-driven way.

Explicit memory tasks – e.g. free recall –involve elaboration during encoding, then deliberate recollection. Retrieval will be most effective when there are conceptual elaborative links established at the time of encoding.

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15
Q

What does memory performance depend on, according to the principle of transfer-appropriate processing?

A

Memory depends upon the match between the processes carried out in encoding and retrieval. For instance, implicit and explicit memory tasks involve different encoding processes, and therefore benefit from different retrieval tasks.

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16
Q

According to a transfer-appropriate processing account, are explicit and implicit memory different systems?

A

No. Explicit and implicit memory TASKS involve different memory retrieval processes: recollection vs familiarity.

17
Q

What is the Remember-Know procedure and what is it for?

A

In the Remember-Know procedure, people do a recognition memory task then are asked about their phenomenological experience of the memory. For every valid item, they have to say whether it was a recollection (Remember) or familiarity (Know) response.

It is designed to determine which memory process is being used: recollection or familiarity.

18
Q

How does level of processing affect ‘remember’ and ‘know’ responses differently?

A

Remember responses show a levels of processing effect –i.e. they are greater for deeper processing. But no levels of processing effect for familiarity (know responses).

19
Q

Are Remember and Know responses associated with different brain areas?

A

Yes and No. One large parietal region, associated with perception and recognition memory decision responses is active in remembering AND knowing.

An area in the inferior temporal cortex –active in visual identification of objects – was selectively active for remember responses.

This showed that remember vs. know shows more than just levels of confidence.

20
Q

What is the Process Dissociation Method?

A

A method for separating words retrieved via recollection from those retrieved via familiarity.

Pps are given a list of words to study. Then they do stem completion in two tasks:

1) words seen in the list
2) words NOT seen in the list

If they enter a word from the study list in task 2, they must be using familiarity, because if they recollected the word, they wouldn’t write it down.

21
Q

In their process dissociation study, what did Jacob and Kelley (1992) show about the effects of divided attention on recollection and familiarity?

A

Divided attention at encoding impairs recollection but not automatic retrieval (i.e. familiarity). It affected the inclusion task more than the exclusion task.

22
Q

In their review of encoding manipulations, Yonelinas (2002) found that which manipulations led to increased recollection over familiarity?

A

All manipulations except stimulus duration increase recollection more than familiarity.

23
Q

According to Yonelinas (2002), _______ encoding increases recollection of previous encoding. ______ familiarity effect is ______ to depth of encoding.

A

According to Yonelinas (2002), deeper encoding increases recollection of previous encoding. Automatic familiarity effect is insensitive to depth of encoding.

24
Q

What do brain lesion studies suggest is the difference in neural activation between recollection and familiarity?

A

Medial temporal regions including hippocampus specifically involved in recollection.