9. Medical Emergencies in the Radiology Department Flashcards
ASSESSMENT OF LEVELS OF NEUROLOGIC AND COGNITIVE FUNCTIONING
- RT must be able to quickly assess the patient’s neurologic functioning
- Recognize changes based in the initial assessment data
- Use Glasgow Coma Scale
common classification for traumatic acute brain injury
Glasgow coma scale
quickly gives an overview of the patient’s level of responsiveness
Glasgow coma scale
• addresses 3 areas of neurologic functioning
Glasgow coma scale
Glasgow coma scale 3 areas of neurologic fucntioning
eyes opening, motor response and verbal response
GCS 3 to 8
Severe
GCS 9 to 12
Moderate
GCS 13 to 15
Mild
indicates deep coma or a brain-dead state
GCS 3
Eyes opening response
o Spontaneously
4
Eyes opening response
o To voice
3
Eyes opening response
o To painful stimuli
2
Eyes opening response
o No response
1
Motor Response
o Obeys commands
6
Motor Response
o Localized pain
5
Motor Response
o Withdraws from painful stimuli (Normal Flexion)
4
Motor Response
o Abnormal flexion
3
Motor Response
o Extension
2
Motor Response
o No response
1
Verbal response
o Oriented
5
Verbal response
o Confused speech
4
Verbal response
o Inappropriate words
3
Verbal response
o Incomprehensible sounds
2
Verbal response
o None
1
Total points possible for Glasgow coma scale
15
Body’s pathological reaction to illness, trauma, or severe physiologic or emotional stress
Shock
May be due to fluid loss, cardiac failure, decreased tone of the blood vessels, or obstruction of blood flow to the vital body organs
Shock
May be reversible
Shock
4 TYPES OF SHOCK
Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic,
Distributive,
Obstructive
Shock syndrome may progress as a continuum in the patient’s struggle to survive and return to a normal physiologic state
shock continuum
As the condition progresses, blood is shunted away from the lungs, skin, kidneys and gastrointestinal tract to accommodate the brain’s and the heart’s critical need for oxygen
shock continuum
3 Stages of Shock:
- Compensatory stage
- Progressive stage
- Irreversible stage (Refractory Stage)
- Skin is cold and clammy
- Urine output decreases
- Respirations increase
- Bowel sounds are hypoactive
- Blood pressure is normal
- Anxiety level increases; patient may begin to be uncooperative
Compensatory stage
- Blood pressure falls
- Respirations are rapid and shallow
- Severe pulmonary edema results from leakage of fluid from the pulmonary capillaries. This is referred to as acute respiration distress syndrome or shock lung (ARDS)
- Tachycardia results and may be as rapid as 150 beats per minute
- The patient complains of chest pain (Angina)
- Mental status changes beginning with subtle behavior alterations such as confusion with progression to lethargy and loss of consciousness
- Renal, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and hematologic problem occur
Progressive stage
- Blood pressure remains low
- Renal and liver failure result
- There is a release of necrotic tissue toxins and an overwhelming lactic acidosis
Irreversible stage (Refractory Stage)
- Body fluids are contained within the cells of the body and are in the extracellular compartments
- Extracellular fluid is further distributed to the blood vessels (intravascular) and into surrounding body tissues (interstitial)
- When the amount of intravascular fluid decreases by 15% to 25% or by a loss of 750 to 1,300 milliliters
- May be due to internal or external hemorrhage; loss of plasma from burns; or fluid loss from prolonged vomiting, diarrhea or medications
- Excessively thirsty, cold and clammy skin, cyanosis
- Life-threatening if you lose 20% of the body’s blood or fluid supply
Hypovolemic shock