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Animal Diversity > 9: Lophotrochozoa > Flashcards

9: Lophotrochozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bilateria split into?

A

Lophotrochozoa (Spiralia)
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostoma

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2
Q

How many lophotrochozoa phyla are there?

A

13 (out of 35)

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3
Q

‘Defining’ lophotrochozoa features

A

Lophophore: ring of ciliated feeding tentacles
Trochophore: planktonic larvae with several bands of cilia
Not all have both

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4
Q

What does Gnathifera include?

A

Rotifera
Micrognathozoa
Gnathostomulida

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5
Q

Feature of Gnathifera

A

Pronounced jaw called a mastax (tooth plate)

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6
Q

Normal name for Rotifera

A

Thorny-headed worms

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7
Q

Features of Rotifera

A

Usually freshwater
Live between grains and sediment (interstitial) and loose in water
Pseudocoelomate
Tiny (0.1-1mm)
No cell division, only cell growth- can’t regenerate lost body parts or repair damage

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8
Q

Body of Rotifera

A

Crest of cilia called a corona (feeding and locomotion)
‘Foot’ with ‘toes’ that adhere to substrate
Brain and nervous system

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9
Q

Rotifera feeding

A

Suspension feeders- currents of water generated by corona bring food towards
Also predation on other rotifers
Can also be parasitic

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10
Q

Rotifera cryptobiosis

A

Shut down in unfavourable conditions
State of suspended animation until conditions improve
Like tardigrades

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11
Q

Normal name for Micrognathozoa

A

Jaw animals

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12
Q

Micrognathozoa features

A

Only 1 species, discovered in moss in Greenland
125 micrometres
Interstitial (sediment)

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13
Q

Micrognathozoa body

A

Divided into head, thorax and abdomen

Complex jaws with over 16 movable elements

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14
Q

Micrognathozoa reproduction

A

Only females have been found, suggests asexual reproduction
2 kinds of eggs for conditions:
Thin shell that hatches quickly in a few days
Thick shell that lays dormant to see out the harsh winter

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15
Q

Normal name for Gnathostomulida

A

Jaw worms

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16
Q

Gnathostomulida features

A

Microscopic worms
Over 100 species
Live in marine sediment
Can endure very low oxygen

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17
Q

Gnathostomulida body

A

Impressive set of jaws
No body cavity, circulatory or respiratory system- too small
Sensory organs are modified cilia in head, used to locate food

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18
Q

Gnathostomulida reproduction

A

Hermaphrodites
Each has a single ovary and one or two testes
Egg ruptures through body wall
No larval stage

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19
Q

What does Rouphozoa include?

A

Gastrotricha

Platyhelminthes

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20
Q

Normal name for Gastrotricha

A

Hairybacks

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21
Q

Gastrotricha features

A

Abundant in marine and freshwater
0.05-4mm
Around 790 species

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22
Q

Gastrotricha body

A 
Long, bottle shape
Covered in bristles and spines
Bands of cilia for propulsion
Gut, muscle, brain, kidneys
Pseudocoelomate
No respiratory/circulatory structures
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23
Q

Gastrotricha feeding

A

Diatoms, bacteria, protozoa

Use cilia on head to gather food

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24
Q

Normal platyhelminthes name

A

Flatworms and tapeworms

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25
Platyhelminth features
Around 30,000 species 1mm-30m long Can be free-living or parasitic Regenerative ability- if cut into new pieces, each becomes new worm
26
Platyhelminth body
Acoelomate, have a digestive cavity Two nerve chords in the most developed Eye spots
27
Platyhelminth feeding
Wrap around prey Adhesive organs Some secrete toxic mucus Stab with a pointy penis that comes out of their mouth
28
Platyhelminth changing host behaviour
Make fish stay further form cover | Increase probability of stickleback predation
29
Vermizoa are made up of
Annelida | Nemertea
30
Vermizoa synapomorphies
Closed blood vessels | Central nervous system
31
Annelid features
Soft-bodied, muscular, elongate Most aquatic, some terrestrial Segmented- key to success
32
Annelid body
Repeated segments divided by septa Each segment has own coelom, muscles, nervous control, excretory organs etc (called metamerism) Rigidity provided through internal water pressure (hydrostatic skeleton) Circular muscles make segments longer Closed circulatory system Several hearts
33
Annelid reproduction
Varied: Oligochaetes and leeches are hermaphroditic Marine are typically sexual and show epitoky
34
What is epitoky?
The atoke is the benthic azexual creature that cannot breed Atokes bud new creatures from their body In breeding season epitokes form, which float to the surface Epitokes explode, releasing gametes into the water
35
Ecological importance of annelids
Fertilisation- they drag organic matter underground Aeration Tunnels provide water drainage Prevent compaction, which promotes plant growth
36
Nemertea normal name
Ribbon worms
37
Nemertea features
Longest animal on planet- bootlace worm 55m long Almost all are marine No segmentation Like flatworms, but have a mouth and anus
38
Nemertea reproduction
Adult and larval stages Broadcast spawning Planktonic larvae Some can reproduce asexually
39
What makes up Lophophorata?
Brachiopoda Phoronida Bryozoa
40
Lophophore features
Have a lophophore- crown of feeding tentacles sat on a calyx | Generate water flow towards mouth with cilia
41
Normal name for Brachiopoda
Lamp shells
42
Brachiopoda features
300 existing species Very cold oceans Look like bivalve molluscs, but shells on upper and lower as opposed to left/right sides
43
Normal name for Phoronida
Horseshoe worms
44
Phoronida features
``` 12 species in 2 genera Benthic marine Secrete a chitinous tube Project lophophores into water to feed Oldest found is from Devonian ```
45
Bryozoan normal name
Moss animals
46
Bryozoan feaures
``` 5500 species,from 0.5mm to 1m colonies Colonies made up of zooids Sessile filter feeders Zooids connected by web of tissues Sometimes division of labour ```
47
Bryozoan feeding
Birds head with beak and mandible- grab debris and organisms | Vibraculum- long bristle moved with muscles, sweep settling debris from the colony
48
What is Tetraneuralia made up of
Entoprocta Cycliophora Mollusca
49
Tetraneuralia features
One pair of ventral and one pair of lateral nerve chords
50
Entoprocta normal name
Nodders, goblet animals
51
Entoprocta features
Around 170 species All but 2 are marine Often found living on worms and bryozoans
52
How do entoprocta differ from bryozoans?
Lack a true lophophore | Different gut arrangement- anus is inside feeding tentacles
53
Cycliophora features
Discovered on Norwegian lobster mouthparts | 3 species
54
Mollusca features
From 1mm to over 20m Marine, freshwater, terrestrial 117,350 species Appeared mid-Cambrian
55
Mollusca body
Unsegmented, soft body Open circulatory system Mantle skin secretes calcium carbonate shell (absent in cephalopods, slugs and nudibranchs) Muscular foot Mouth with rasplike radula and chitinous teeth
56
Gastropod feeding
Radula is supported by the odontophore Movement of odontophore is controlled by buccal muscles Worn down teeth at one end are continually replaced from the back
57
Radula adaptations
Beak in some cephalopods Siphon in cone snails- like a harpoon Bivalves have lost the radula as they are filter feeders
58
Examples of gastropods
Land snails, slugs, sea angels
59
Gastropod adaptations
``` Foot enlarged for locomotion Spiral shell due to torsion of the body Only one hole in the shell Do not always have a shell though! Eg. sea angels Sex organs all on one side ```
60
Examples of cephalopods
Squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus
61
Cephalopod features
Highly specialised marine predators Complex brains and sensory organs Elaborate eyes- convergent to ours

Animal Diversity (12 decks)

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