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Animal Diversity > 9: Lophotrochozoa > Flashcards

9: Lophotrochozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What is Bilateria split into?

A

Lophotrochozoa (Spiralia)
Ecdysozoa
Deuterostoma

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2
Q

How many lophotrochozoa phyla are there?

A

13 (out of 35)

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3
Q

‘Defining’ lophotrochozoa features

A

Lophophore: ring of ciliated feeding tentacles
Trochophore: planktonic larvae with several bands of cilia
Not all have both

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4
Q

What does Gnathifera include?

A

Rotifera
Micrognathozoa
Gnathostomulida

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5
Q

Feature of Gnathifera

A

Pronounced jaw called a mastax (tooth plate)

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6
Q

Normal name for Rotifera

A

Thorny-headed worms

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7
Q

Features of Rotifera

A

Usually freshwater
Live between grains and sediment (interstitial) and loose in water
Pseudocoelomate
Tiny (0.1-1mm)
No cell division, only cell growth- can’t regenerate lost body parts or repair damage

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8
Q

Body of Rotifera

A

Crest of cilia called a corona (feeding and locomotion)
‘Foot’ with ‘toes’ that adhere to substrate
Brain and nervous system

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9
Q

Rotifera feeding

A

Suspension feeders- currents of water generated by corona bring food towards
Also predation on other rotifers
Can also be parasitic

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10
Q

Rotifera cryptobiosis

A

Shut down in unfavourable conditions
State of suspended animation until conditions improve
Like tardigrades

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11
Q

Normal name for Micrognathozoa

A

Jaw animals

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12
Q

Micrognathozoa features

A

Only 1 species, discovered in moss in Greenland
125 micrometres
Interstitial (sediment)

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13
Q

Micrognathozoa body

A

Divided into head, thorax and abdomen

Complex jaws with over 16 movable elements

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14
Q

Micrognathozoa reproduction

A

Only females have been found, suggests asexual reproduction
2 kinds of eggs for conditions:
Thin shell that hatches quickly in a few days
Thick shell that lays dormant to see out the harsh winter

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15
Q

Normal name for Gnathostomulida

A

Jaw worms

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16
Q

Gnathostomulida features

A

Microscopic worms
Over 100 species
Live in marine sediment
Can endure very low oxygen

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17
Q

Gnathostomulida body

A

Impressive set of jaws
No body cavity, circulatory or respiratory system- too small
Sensory organs are modified cilia in head, used to locate food

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18
Q

Gnathostomulida reproduction

A

Hermaphrodites
Each has a single ovary and one or two testes
Egg ruptures through body wall
No larval stage

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19
Q

What does Rouphozoa include?

A

Gastrotricha

Platyhelminthes

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20
Q

Normal name for Gastrotricha

A

Hairybacks

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21
Q

Gastrotricha features

A

Abundant in marine and freshwater
0.05-4mm
Around 790 species

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22
Q

Gastrotricha body

A 
Long, bottle shape
Covered in bristles and spines
Bands of cilia for propulsion
Gut, muscle, brain, kidneys
Pseudocoelomate
No respiratory/circulatory structures
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23
Q

Gastrotricha feeding

A

Diatoms, bacteria, protozoa

Use cilia on head to gather food

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24
Q

Normal platyhelminthes name

A

Flatworms and tapeworms

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25
Q

Platyhelminth features

A

Around 30,000 species
1mm-30m long
Can be free-living or parasitic
Regenerative ability- if cut into new pieces, each becomes new worm

26
Q

Platyhelminth body

A

Acoelomate, have a digestive cavity
Two nerve chords in the most developed
Eye spots

27
Q

Platyhelminth feeding

A

Wrap around prey
Adhesive organs
Some secrete toxic mucus
Stab with a pointy penis that comes out of their mouth

28
Q

Platyhelminth changing host behaviour

A

Make fish stay further form cover

Increase probability of stickleback predation

29
Q

Vermizoa are made up of

A

Annelida

Nemertea

30
Q

Vermizoa synapomorphies

A

Closed blood vessels

Central nervous system

31
Q

Annelid features

A

Soft-bodied, muscular, elongate
Most aquatic, some terrestrial
Segmented- key to success

32
Q

Annelid body

A

Repeated segments divided by septa
Each segment has own coelom, muscles, nervous control, excretory organs etc (called metamerism)
Rigidity provided through internal water pressure (hydrostatic skeleton)
Circular muscles make segments longer
Closed circulatory system
Several hearts

33
Q

Annelid reproduction

A

Varied:
Oligochaetes and leeches are hermaphroditic
Marine are typically sexual and show epitoky

34
Q

What is epitoky?

A

The atoke is the benthic azexual creature that cannot breed
Atokes bud new creatures from their body
In breeding season epitokes form, which float to the surface
Epitokes explode, releasing gametes into the water

35
Q

Ecological importance of annelids

A

Fertilisation- they drag organic matter underground
Aeration
Tunnels provide water drainage
Prevent compaction, which promotes plant growth

36
Q

Nemertea normal name

A

Ribbon worms

37
Q

Nemertea features

A

Longest animal on planet- bootlace worm 55m long
Almost all are marine
No segmentation
Like flatworms, but have a mouth and anus

38
Q

Nemertea reproduction

A

Adult and larval stages
Broadcast spawning
Planktonic larvae
Some can reproduce asexually

39
Q

What makes up Lophophorata?

A

Brachiopoda
Phoronida
Bryozoa

40
Q

Lophophore features

A

Have a lophophore- crown of feeding tentacles sat on a calyx

Generate water flow towards mouth with cilia

41
Q

Normal name for Brachiopoda

A

Lamp shells

42
Q

Brachiopoda features

A

300 existing species
Very cold oceans
Look like bivalve molluscs, but shells on upper and lower as opposed to left/right sides

43
Q

Normal name for Phoronida

A

Horseshoe worms

44
Q

Phoronida features

A 
12 species in 2 genera
Benthic marine
Secrete a chitinous tube
Project lophophores into water to feed
Oldest found is from Devonian
45
Q

Bryozoan normal name

A

Moss animals

46
Q

Bryozoan feaures

A 
5500 species,from 0.5mm to 1m colonies
Colonies made up of zooids
Sessile filter feeders
Zooids connected by web of tissues
Sometimes division of labour
47
Q

Bryozoan feeding

A

Birds head with beak and mandible- grab debris and organisms

Vibraculum- long bristle moved with muscles, sweep settling debris from the colony

48
Q

What is Tetraneuralia made up of

A

Entoprocta
Cycliophora
Mollusca

49
Q

Tetraneuralia features

A

One pair of ventral and one pair of lateral nerve chords

50
Q

Entoprocta normal name

A

Nodders, goblet animals

51
Q

Entoprocta features

A

Around 170 species
All but 2 are marine
Often found living on worms and bryozoans

52
Q

How do entoprocta differ from bryozoans?

A

Lack a true lophophore

Different gut arrangement- anus is inside feeding tentacles

53
Q

Cycliophora features

A

Discovered on Norwegian lobster mouthparts

3 species

54
Q

Mollusca features

A

From 1mm to over 20m
Marine, freshwater, terrestrial
117,350 species
Appeared mid-Cambrian

55
Q

Mollusca body

A

Unsegmented, soft body
Open circulatory system
Mantle skin secretes calcium carbonate shell (absent in cephalopods, slugs and nudibranchs)
Muscular foot
Mouth with rasplike radula and chitinous teeth

56
Q

Gastropod feeding

A

Radula is supported by the odontophore
Movement of odontophore is controlled by buccal muscles
Worn down teeth at one end are continually replaced from the back

57
Q

Radula adaptations

A

Beak in some cephalopods
Siphon in cone snails- like a harpoon
Bivalves have lost the radula as they are filter feeders

58
Q

Examples of gastropods

A

Land snails, slugs, sea angels

59
Q

Gastropod adaptations

A 
Foot enlarged for locomotion
Spiral shell due to torsion of the body
Only one hole in the shell
Do not always have a shell though! Eg. sea angels
Sex organs all on one side
60
Q

Examples of cephalopods

A

Squid, cuttlefish, octopus, nautilus

61
Q

Cephalopod features

A

Highly specialised marine predators
Complex brains and sensory organs
Elaborate eyes- convergent to ours

Animal Diversity (12 decks)

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