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Animal Diversity > 10-12: Arthropods > Flashcards

10-12: Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

Ecdysozoa are made up of

A 
Priapulida
Nematoda
Onychophora
Tardigrada
Arthropoda
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2
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

Periodic moulting of the cuticle

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3
Q

Normal name for Priapulida

A

Penis worms

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4
Q

Priapulida features

A

Evertable proboscis lined with scalids
Circular nerve ring surrounding a pharynx
Burrowing pedatos

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5
Q

Normal name for Nematoda

A

Round worms

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6
Q

Nematoda features

A

Amphids- sensory organs on the head
Circular nerve ring surrounding a pharynx
Very simple
Freshwater, marine, terrestrial, parasites

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7
Q

Nematoda model organism

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

First multicellular organism to have their whole genome sequenced

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8
Q

Nematodes that cause human disease

A 
Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis)
Caused by Wuchereria bancrofti
Worms transmitted through mosquitoes
Lodged in lymph
Cause thick skin, swelling of lower extremities
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9
Q

Tardigrada normal name

A

Water bears

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10
Q

Tardigrade features

A

4 pairs of unjointed legs with claws
Semiaquatic
Omnivores, carnivores, parasites
Cryptobiosis- dormant stages, form tuns to cope with freezing, drying, alcohol, vacuums

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11
Q

Onychophora normal name

A

Velvet worms

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12
Q

Onychophora features

A 
Un-jointed walking legs
Fleshy antennae
Circulatory system + heart
Jaws
Slime glands
Paired ventral nerve chord
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13
Q

What are lobopods?

A

Lobe-legged worms, including onychophora and tardigrada
Found fossil evidence
Eg. Hallicgenia

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14
Q

Early arthropods

A

Anomalocaris: compound eyes, arthropod-like head appendages
Megacheira: specialised body appendages

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15
Q

What’s the most diverse group in the animal kingdom?

A

Arthropods

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16
Q

First animals to colonise land?

A

Arthropods

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17
Q

How did prehistoric gigantism in arthropods occur?

A

Elevated atmospheric O2 levels- 35% vs. today’s 21%

Eg. sea scorpions, trilobites, dragonflies

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18
Q

What are the 3 major arthropod sub-phyla?

A

Trilobites
Chelicerates
Mandibulates

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19
Q

Arthropod features

A

Jointed appendages
Pronounced tagmatisation
Chitinous exoskeleton that they shed to grow
Highly cephalised, with intricate mouthparts
Gills in water, trachea on land
Excrete uric acid

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20
Q

What is tagmatisation?

A

Fused segments, functionally specialised

Eg. head, thorax, abdomen

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21
Q

Benefits of being an arthropod

A

Versatile exoskeleton
Air piped directly to cells
Highly developed sensory organs

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22
Q

Trilobite features

A 
15,000 species
Well preserved exoskeleton
Predators/filter feeders
Marine
V successful
Disappeared at the end of the Permian- maybe due to emergence of predators?
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23
Q

Chelicerata groups

A

Pycnoginida
Merostomata
Arachnida

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24
Q

Chelicerata features

A

75,000 known, estimated 750,000 altogether
Named after their mouthparts- the chelicerae
First appendages form chelicerae
Pair of pedipalps
4 pairs of legs
2 tagmata

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25
Q

Proper name for sea spiders?

A

Pycnoginida

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26
Q

Pycnoginida features

A

Found in all seas, particularly polar

Carnivorous grazers

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27
Q

Pycnoginida reproduction

A

Males carry eggs and larvae
External fertilisation, but get very close to reproduce
Non-planktonic larvae, so slow dispersers

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28
Q

What are Merostomata?

A

‘Legs attached to mouth’
Sea scorpions
Xiphosurida

29
Q

Sea scorpion features?

A

Cambrian origin
Apex predators in the shallows
Not scorpions, probably didn’t live in the sea

30
Q

Scientific name for horseshoe crabs?

A

Xiphosurida

31
Q

Xiphosurida features

A

Polyandrous mating
External fertilisation
Not a crab
Copper-based blue blood

32
Q

Arachnida groups

A 
Spiders
Scorpions
Whip scorpions
Mites
Harvestmen
33
Q

What were Trigonotarbida?

A

Related to spiders, but not ancestors
Before true spiders in the Palaeozoic
Oldest land arthropod
No spinnerets

34
Q

Spiders scientific name

A

Aranae

35
Q

Aranae features

A 
All carnivorous except one
2 tagmata
Book lungs
2/3 spinnerets connected to silk glands
Silk as strong as kevlar
36
Q

Aranae hunting strategies

A

Web builders eg. orb weavers- hide on edge of web to avoid being eaten by birds
Trapdoor spiders
Fishing spiders
Ambush hunters eg. trapdoor spiders- use silk triplines

37
Q

Aranae reproduction

A

Indirect sperm transfer
Some show parenting behaviour
Cryptic female selection- mate, store sperm, then choose which to use, eg. wasp spiders
Vibration, pheremones, arm movements

38
Q

‘Herbivorous’ spider

A

Bagheera kiplingi

Eats Beltian bodies on acacia leaves- protected by ants in mutualism

39
Q

Harvestmen scientific name

A

Opiliones

40
Q

Opiliones features

A

6,000 species up to 4000m high
Chew (masticate) food
Generally only 1 pair of eyes
Don’t produce silk

41
Q

Camel spiders scientific name

A

Solifugae

42
Q

Solifugae features

A

Not true spiders
Two pairs of chelicerae
Carnivorous

43
Q

Scorpion scientific name

A

Scorpiones

44
Q

Scorpiones features

A

Massively enlarged pedipalps = pincers
Harsh, arid habitats
Tail with sting to inject venom into prey

45
Q

Whip scorpion scientific name

A

Thelyphonida

46
Q

Thelyphonida features

A

Vinegaroons
Not scorpions
First 2 pairs are sensory appendages
Tropical/subtropical

47
Q

Tailless whip scorpion scientific name

A

Amblypgi

48
Q

Amblypgi features

A

Not scorpions
First pair of legs are modified as sensors
Pedipalps for grabbing prey- like a mantis
Tropics/subtropics

49
Q

Mites and ticks scientific name

A

Acari

50
Q

Acari features

A

Very small
Caves, thermal springs, polar extremes
Many parasitic

51
Q

Mandibulata features

A

Characteristic mandible jaws

First out of the sea in the Cambrian

52
Q

Mandibulata are split into…

A

Myriapods
Crustacea
Insecta

53
Q

Myriapoda are split into…

A

Diplopoda

Chilopoda

54
Q

Myriapoda features

A

One pair of antennae
Mandibles
Non-branching legs (uniramous)

55
Q

Millipedes scientific name

A

Diplopoda

56
Q

Diplopoda features

A 
Trachea and mandibles like insects
2 pairs of legs per segment
Calcium carbonate in the exoskeleton
Decomposers
Every 7th segment, legs = sex organs
Larvae have 1 pair per segment, like centipedes
57
Q

Centipede scientific name

A

Chilopoda

58
Q

Chilopoda features

A

Mainly carnivorous
1 pair of legs per segment
Only one species can kill
Legs modified into venomous fangs

59
Q

Crustacea features

A 
Marine, freshwater and terrestrial
Synapomorphy = 2 pairs of antennae
Many jointed appendages
Biramous- split into 2 at the end
Compound eyes raised on stalks
60
Q

Crustacea divisions

A 
Remipedia
Cirripeda
Isopoda
Decapoda
Hexapoda
61
Q

What are Remipedia?

A

Blind, cave-dwelling
Centipede-like appearance
More closely related to insects

62
Q

Scientific name for barnacles?

A

Cirripeda

63
Q

Cirrepeda features

A

Adults are sessile, juveniles are usually planktonic
Hermaphroditic
Longest penis in relation to body size

64
Q

What are Isopoda?

A

Woodlice, marine isopods

65
Q

Isopod features

A 
4,500 marine, 500 on land
Occupy niches not occupied by many other forms- 'refugia'
Brood develops within females pouch
Can be parasitic
Some giant ones in cold, deep waters
66
Q

What are Decapoda?

A

Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp

67
Q

Decapod features

A

5 pairs of walking legs
First is usually modified into pincers
Mainly aquatic

68
Q

What are Hexapoda?

A

Protura
Diplura
Collembola- ‘springtails’

Animal Diversity (12 decks)

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