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Animal Diversity > 18-19: Mammal origins, Primates > Flashcards

18-19: Mammal origins, Primates Flashcards

1
Q

What sets mammals apart from other animals?

A

Endothermy and homothermy- generate own heat, maintain temperature
Have a placenta (in eutherians) and mammary glands
Heterodony- teeth not all in the same shape
Secondary palate- way of breathing whilst chewing
Enlarged brain

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2
Q

How many extra holes in the skull do mammals have?

A

1 on each side

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3
Q

What is 1 extra hole on each side called?

A

Synapsid

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4
Q

When did ‘mammly’ type things occur?

A

End of Triassic- the start of the dinosaurs

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5
Q

When did mammly things diversify?

A

Cretaceous

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6
Q

What allowed the diversification of mammals?

A

The extinction of the dinosaurs

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7
Q

Synapsida features

A 
From the Permian
Single opening between skull roof and cheek
Large canine-like teeth
Strong, arched palate
Eg. Pelycosaurs
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8
Q

Therapsida features

A

From mid-Permian to Triassic
Expansion of jaw muscles- to chew
Less sprawling gait, more upright
Expansion of cerebellum

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9
Q

Cynodonta features

A 
From triassic to mid-Jurassic
Well developed post-canine teeth
Changes in jaw
Jaw bones change to ear bones
Complete secondary palate- can chew and breathe at the same time
Endothermic
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10
Q

Early mammalia features

A

Late Triassic to present
First evidence of hair- doesn’t fossilise well, could have been earlier
Mammary and skin glands
Teeth when growing, shed and have second set when adult
Closer to modern form

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11
Q

Mammalia features

A

3 ear ossicles
Modified vertebrae
Long bones
Enlarged neopallium (part of brain for sensory perception, cognition, language)

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12
Q

What are theria?

A

Most of the modern mammals- eutherians and marsupials

Have modifications of the braincase

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13
Q

What are eutherians?

A

Give birth to developed offspring

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14
Q

What are marsupials?

A

Undeveloped offspring are kept in pouches

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15
Q

Evolution of the jaw joint

A

Reduction in the number of bones
It is stronger to have fewer bones
Needs to be strong for chewing
Jaw bones become ear bones

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16
Q

Features of the mammal palatte

A

Soft palate separates
The epiglottis stops food going down the airway
Would be better to have nose underneath mouth- evolution is not perfect

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17
Q

Amphibian palatte features

A

Big bony plate

No separation of airway from the oesophagus

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18
Q

Therapsid reptile palatte features

A

Partial bony layer

A bit of separation

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19
Q

Mammal palatte bony layer

A

Completely jointed

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20
Q

Characteristics of the modern mammal

A 
Hair- can be evolved into spines
Sweat, scent, mammary glands
3 ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
Usually 7 vertebrae in neck- birds have as many as they need
Heterodont- lots of different shapes of teeth
4 chambered heart
Non-nucleated, biconcave red blood cells
Males are heterogametic (XY)
Milk from mammary glands
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21
Q

Mammal hair features

A

Made of keratin
Usually 2 layers- dense, soft underhair, course guard hair
Varied colours that can change by seasons for camoflague

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22
Q

Sweat gland examples

A

Eccrine- cooling

Apocrine- reproductive

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23
Q

Scent gland uses

A

Marking

Communication

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24
Q

Teeth argument

A

Success of mammals is due to the range of teeth?

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25
Q

What teeth do mammals have?

A 
4 types:
3 Incisors
1 Canine
4 Premolars
3 Molars (on each side)
They have these on both upper and lower jaws
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26
Q

Mammal diets

A 
Insectivorous
Herbivorous
Ruminants
Carnivorous
Omnivorous
Can have special teeth for diet
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27
Q

Insectivore digestive system

A

Short intestine

No caecum

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28
Q

Ruminant herbivore digestive system

A

4 chambered stomach with large rumen

Long small and large intestine

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29
Q

Non-ruminant herbivore digestive system

A

Simple stomach

Large caecum

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30
Q

Carnivore digestive system

A

Short intestine and colon

Small caecum

31
Q

Herbivore =

A

long gut, takes more time to digest vegetation

32
Q

Flight in mammals

A

Eg. northern flying squirrel
Gliders
Help us see the process of where flight came from

33
Q

What is echolocation?

A

Frequency modulated pulses directed in a narrow beam

Allow them to ‘see’

34
Q

Reproduction forms

A

Monotremes- lay eggs (ancestral form)
Marsupials- pouched, viviparous
Eutherians (placentals)- viviparous, lessaltricial

Internal fertilisation

35
Q

Placenta features

A

Needs to cope with nutrients and waste crossing inside the body
Membrane system

36
Q

Which type of mammal produces offspring the quickest?

A

Eutherians- main advantage
But marsupials more flexible- can ditch baby in pouch if no food around
Joey in pouch, egg in body

37
Q

Primate limb

A

Nails rather than claws
Grasping hands and feet
Upright body posture
Retained a lot of primitive features- hands/feet

38
Q

How many digits?

A

5- a pentadactyle limb

This is the ancestral form

39
Q

Primate hand adaptations

A

Adapted to grasping

Many don’t have a thumb

40
Q

Which primate does have claws?

A

The marmoset

A secondary derivation that has re-evolved

41
Q

Primate teeth/diet features

A

Ungeneralised teeth
Some have a tooth comb
Eat a generalised diet
Have incisors, canines, premolars, molars

42
Q

What are tooth combs?

A

Where incisors point forwards

Eg. in lemurs for grooming

43
Q

Old world monkey teeth

A

Have big canines

44
Q

Aye-aye teeth

A

A madagascan lemur

Has huge protruding gnawing teeth

45
Q

Primate senses, brain and behaviour features

A 
Short snout
Large eyes
Big brains
Flexible behaviour
Extended infant care
Large social groups
46
Q

What is the only nocturnal monkey?

A

The owl monkey

47
Q

Features of the proboscis monkey

A

Can enlarge nose for sexual display
Makes a noise
Like to swim

48
Q

Example of a monkey with a prehensile tail

A

Red spider monkey

49
Q

What is a prehensile tail?

A

Can grasp objects

50
Q

What are primates split into?

A

Strepsirhini

Haplorhini

51
Q

Features of Strepsirhini

A

Wet, dog-like nose
Split lip
Whiskers

52
Q

Features of Haplorhini

A

No split lip

Dry noses

53
Q

What do tarsiers belong to?

A

Haplorhini, as they have dry noses, but are also said to be prosimians

54
Q

Haplorhini split into

A

Platyrrhini- flat noses
Catarrhini- round noses
Tarsiiformes- tarsiers

55
Q

Lemuriformes are split into

A

Lorisoidea

Lemuroidea- madagascan lemurs

56
Q

Catarrhini are split into

A

Cercopithecoidea- old world monkeys

Hominoidea- great and lesser apes

57
Q

What are the old world monkeys called?

A

Cercopithecoidea

58
Q

What are the great and lesser apes called?

A

Hominoidea

59
Q

When do we think primates began to appear?

A

After dinosaurs, but no fossils

See properly in oligocene

60
Q

When does fossil evidence say the earliest hominins appear?

A

6mya

61
Q

What are hominins?

A

Human-type
Bipedal (walked on two legs)
Small canines
Vertical face

62
Q

What are hominids?

A

All human/ape like ancestors

63
Q

What did the common ancestor look like?

A

Not like a chimp

No idea!

64
Q

Miocene hominins

A 
6.5mya (Miocene)
Part of skull found
Gorilla-like? 
Very human-like from the front
Don't know if its part of the human lineage

6mya (Miocene)
Part of femur suggests that they were bipedal

65
Q

Pliocene hominins

A

4.5mya
Chimpanzee ancestor
Not enough evidence to confirm bipedality

3.5mya
Skull of an offshoot from the main human lineage?

Australopithecus- lots of them!
3-1.5mya
Huge teeth for eating tough vegetation?

66
Q

What were Australopithecines?

A

From Africa, found in 2 places
In south african caves, good preservation but difficult to date
In east africa, can date but not good preservation
Relatively small brain

67
Q

Pleistocene hominin

A 
Homo habilis
Earliest homo species!
Earliest stone tools
Similar to Australopithicus but bigger brain
Quite small, sexual diamorphism
Just in Africa
68
Q

What was homo erectus?

A 
1.8mya to 200,000 ya
Nariokotome Boy- skeleton of adolescent
Long, low skull with broad base
Prominent brow ridges
Large posterior teeth
Apart from skull, looks human
Originated in Africa, but have been found outside
69
Q

What are Neanderthals?

A 
Found in Neander valley, Germany
All over Europe
Bigger brain than modern humans
Tools not as advanced
Not separate species- we have lots of Neanderthal DNA
70
Q

Neanderthal features

A

Lack of chin
Projecting mid-face
Large cranial capacity
Low forehead

71
Q

Anatomically modern human features

A

Definite chin
Small anterior teeth
Small brow-ridges
Vertical forehead

72
Q

What was homo floresiensis?

A 
Found on island east of Java
18,000 ya
Very small brain
1m tall
Related to homo erectus
Stone tools
73
Q

What were the Denisovans?

A

Finger bone found in Siberia

Genetically distinct from modern humans and Neanderthals

Animal Diversity (12 decks)

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