9 - Interaction and Coordination II

Question 1

Coordinative roles in mutual entrainment

Answer 1

• leader = someone who plans out, initiates, and navigates the joint action
• follower = someone who responds to the leader and who adjusts their actions to the cues of the leader
• coequal = everyone typically performs the same movements, no explicit leader

Question 2

Leadership styles

Answer 2

• autocratic/dominant style = everyone adjusts to the leader
• egalitarian/democratic style = all members adjust to one another in an ongoing manner
• cross-correlations are one method of quantifying the leadership style

Question 3

Dancers

Answer 3

• external entrainment to music (followers)
• tend to anticipate the beat
• mutual entrainment to dance partners

Question 4

Conductors and dancers

Answer 4

• conductor precedes beat (leader)
• orchestra lags behind conductor (follower)
• dancer precedes beat (follower - negative asynchrony)
• conductor leads and dancer follows, but both precede the beat

Question 5

Luck - Study

Answer 5

• relationship between conductor’s gestures and musical performance
• naturalistic setting
• exploratory study (no IV
• marker attached to tip of baton

Question 6

Luck - DVs

Answer 6

Conductor’s kinematic parameters

• position (x, y, z)
• velocity (vx, y, z)
• acceleration (ax, y, z)
• speed (v)
• magnitude of acceleration (a)

Spectral flux = musical beat

Cross-correlations between movement features and spectral flux

Question 7

Luck - Clarity variables

Answer 7

• clarity variable (high vs. low) developed post-hoc
• 2 high clarity (H1, H2)
• 2 low clarity (L1, L2)

Question 8

Luck - Main Results

Answer 8

• when baton is at peak positions, velocity is 0
• upswing of baton contains most of the acceleration
• beat is associated with the low position of the baton (low position is 0.23s ahead of the beat)
• peak upward velocity occurs 0.08s ahead of the beat
• strong cross-correlations with the beat for the y-related variables

Question 9

Luck - Summary of findings

Answer 9

• an ensemble tends to lag behind the conductor (conductor is a leader)
• the main gestural features that correlate with the beat are = low baton position and upward vertical velocity of the conductor’s baton
• when the ensemble plays, the conductor’s baton moves in a fast upward direction away from the low position that musicians tend to track for the beat

Question 10

Chauvigné - Study

Answer 10

• three main sensory cues = vision, audition, haptic sense
• folk dancing
• performance laboratory

Question 11

Chauvigné - IVs

Answer 11

• within-subject
• sensory feedback condition (4) = control, noTouch, noVision, noMusic
• axes (3) = x, y, z
• sequences (6)
• trials (5)
• dances (2)
• sides (2) = right, left
• markers (2) = foot tip, heel

Question 12

Chauvigné - DVs

Answer 12

Synchrony

• group synchrony
• individual synchrony to group

Questionnaires

• familiarity
• difficulty performing dance
• enjoyability performing dance
• experience dancing

Question 13

Chauvigné - Conditions

Answer 13

• noTouch = no hand holding (mutual/ bidirectional entrainment)
• noVision = eyes closed (mutual/ bidirectional entrainment)
• noMusic = except leader (external/ unidirectional entrainment)

Question 14

Chauvigné - Main Results

Answer 14

• synchronization of each dancer to the group correlated with familiarity but not dancing experience
• noTouch had a significant effect in all 3 axes (esp. x axis - where to step/spatiality)
• noMusic had largest effect on vertical axis (z axis - when to step/timing)
• noVision only had an effect on horizontal axes
• group synchrony increased as sequence increased
• individual better synchronized with near neighbours