8 - Interaction and Coordination I

Question 1

External entrainment

Answer 1

• fixed timekeeper
• entraining to
• finger tapping to metronome
• following
• metric rhythms
• rare in animals outside of humans

Question 2

Mutual entrainment

Answer 2

• interactive, adaptive
• entraining with
• moving furniture
• leading and following
• metric or non-metric rhythms
• widespread in animals

Question 3

IOI vs. duration

Answer 3

• IOI (interonset interval) = time between the onset of successive beats
• duration = how long an event lasts

Question 4

Asynchronies

Answer 4

• common in finger-tapping to tap slightly ahead of the beat
• negative asynchrony = ahead of the beat
• positive asynchrony = lagging behind (delay)

Question 5

Cross-correlations

Answer 5

• correlations between two time series

- reference (stays the same) and comparison (shifted)

Question 6

Lag +1

Answer 6

• shift comparison IOI to n+1
• later time
• e.g. 2nd beat of reference corresponds to 3rd beat of comparison
• if positive = comparison tracks the reference

Question 7

Lag -1

Answer 7

• shift comparison IOI to n-1
• earlier time
• e.g. 2nd beat of reference corresponds to 1st beat of comparison
• if positive = reference tracks the comparison

Question 8

Bidirectional effects

Answer 8

• lag -1 and lag +1 have positive cross-correlations

- each person adjusts in a mutual fashion

Question 9

Unidirectional effects

Answer 9

• only lag -1 or lag +1 has a positive cross-correlation

- one person following the other

Question 10

Factors that affect interpersonal coordination

Answer 10

• cognitive-motor skills (anticipation, adaptation, attention)
• knowledge
• goals and strategies
• social factors

Question 11

Mutual adaptive timing

Answer 11

• timing drift (unintentional)
• expressive phrasing (intentional)
• coordinative roles (leader vs. follower)
• phase correction = major type of error correction, occurs when tempo is held constant

Question 12

Attention

Answer 12

• own actions = high priority

- actions of others = lower priority

Question 13

Anticipatory mechanisms

Answer 13

• predictions of upcoming sounds of partner
• action simulation through internal models
• creation of joint internal models

Question 14

Shared goals

Answer 14

• structure of performance work

- performance styles of co-performer

Question 15

We vs. me agency

Answer 15

• synchronizing causes joint agency (we) to override personal agency (me)

Question 16

Social influences on coordination

Answer 16

• personality (prosocial orientation)
• social skills (empathy)
  relationship (affiliative > combative)

Question 17

Goebl - Study

Answer 17

• piano duets, highly trained pianists
• practiced alone with full feedback
• recorded 2 trials alone, full, one-way, and self

Question 18

Goebl - IVs

Answer 18

• auditory feedback (within-subject, 4 levels) = alone, full, one-way (leader hears self, follower hears both), self
• musical role (within-subject, 2 levels) = leader, follower

Question 19

Goebl - DVs

Answer 19

Synchronization of sound

• mean asynchrony
• standard error of asynchrony
• cross-correlations
• coefficient of variation (SD/mean)

Performer movement

• finger-key landmark proprotion
• finger height
• movement duration
• head motion

Question 20

Signed asynchronies

Answer 20

• follower part - leader par
• positive = leader anticipated follower
• negative = follower anticipated leader

Question 21

Goebl - Main results (synchronization)

Answer 21

• mean asynchrony = asynchrony was largest in the one-way condition, negative (follower anticipated leader)
• mean SE = variability of asynchrony increased as auditory feedback reduced
• coefficient of variation = more adjustment of timing by follower
• cross-correlations = in one-way, the follower (comparison) tracked the leader (reference)

Question 22

Goebl - Main results (movement)

Answer 22

• FK = no significant effect
• FH = leaders raised their fingers higher than follower (highest peak in one-way feedback)
• movement duration = leaders played in direct manner (followers hit keys slower than leaders), increase in duration as feedback reduced

Question 23

Goebl - Summary

Answer 23

• asynchronies and timing variability increased as auditory feedback decreased
• timing variability was higher in the follower than the leader
• during full feedback, both the leader and follower tracked one another (bidirectional)
• during one-way feedback, only the follower tracked the leader (unidirectional)
• leaders raised their fingers higher than followers, and this was strongest during the one-way condition
• increase in movement duration as feedback was reduced, suggesting increasing hesitation

Question 24

Sensory cues for entrainment

Answer 24

• acoustic (music)
• visual (seeing partner)
• haptic (direct - dance, indirect - via object)

Question 25

Lag 0

Answer 25

• original two time series

- no shifting