8 - Interaction and Coordination I Flashcards
External entrainment
- fixed timekeeper
- entraining to
- finger tapping to metronome
- following
- metric rhythms
- rare in animals outside of humans
Mutual entrainment
- interactive, adaptive
- entraining with
- moving furniture
- leading and following
- metric or non-metric rhythms
- widespread in animals
IOI vs. duration
- IOI (interonset interval) = time between the onset of successive beats
- duration = how long an event lasts
Asynchronies
- common in finger-tapping to tap slightly ahead of the beat
- negative asynchrony = ahead of the beat
- positive asynchrony = lagging behind (delay)
Cross-correlations
- correlations between two time series
- reference (stays the same) and comparison (shifted)
Lag +1
- shift comparison IOI to n+1
- later time
- e.g. 2nd beat of reference corresponds to 3rd beat of comparison
- if positive = comparison tracks the reference
Lag -1
- shift comparison IOI to n-1
- earlier time
- e.g. 2nd beat of reference corresponds to 1st beat of comparison
- if positive = reference tracks the comparison
Bidirectional effects
- lag -1 and lag +1 have positive cross-correlations
- each person adjusts in a mutual fashion
Unidirectional effects
- only lag -1 or lag +1 has a positive cross-correlation
- one person following the other
Factors that affect interpersonal coordination
- cognitive-motor skills (anticipation, adaptation, attention)
- knowledge
- goals and strategies
- social factors
Mutual adaptive timing
- timing drift (unintentional)
- expressive phrasing (intentional)
- coordinative roles (leader vs. follower)
- phase correction = major type of error correction, occurs when tempo is held constant
Attention
- own actions = high priority
- actions of others = lower priority
Anticipatory mechanisms
- predictions of upcoming sounds of partner
- action simulation through internal models
- creation of joint internal models
Shared goals
- structure of performance work
- performance styles of co-performer
We vs. me agency
- synchronizing causes joint agency (we) to override personal agency (me)
Social influences on coordination
- personality (prosocial orientation)
- social skills (empathy)
relationship (affiliative > combative)
Goebl - Study
- piano duets, highly trained pianists
- practiced alone with full feedback
- recorded 2 trials alone, full, one-way, and self
Goebl - IVs
- auditory feedback (within-subject, 4 levels) = alone, full, one-way (leader hears self, follower hears both), self
- musical role (within-subject, 2 levels) = leader, follower
Goebl - DVs
Synchronization of sound
- mean asynchrony
- standard error of asynchrony
- cross-correlations
- coefficient of variation (SD/mean)
Performer movement
- finger-key landmark proprotion
- finger height
- movement duration
- head motion
Signed asynchronies
- follower part - leader par
- positive = leader anticipated follower
- negative = follower anticipated leader
Goebl - Main results (synchronization)
- mean asynchrony = asynchrony was largest in the one-way condition, negative (follower anticipated leader)
- mean SE = variability of asynchrony increased as auditory feedback reduced
- coefficient of variation = more adjustment of timing by follower
- cross-correlations = in one-way, the follower (comparison) tracked the leader (reference)
Goebl - Main results (movement)
- FK = no significant effect
- FH = leaders raised their fingers higher than follower (highest peak in one-way feedback)
- movement duration = leaders played in direct manner (followers hit keys slower than leaders), increase in duration as feedback reduced
Goebl - Summary
- asynchronies and timing variability increased as auditory feedback decreased
- timing variability was higher in the follower than the leader
- during full feedback, both the leader and follower tracked one another (bidirectional)
- during one-way feedback, only the follower tracked the leader (unidirectional)
- leaders raised their fingers higher than followers, and this was strongest during the one-way condition
- increase in movement duration as feedback was reduced, suggesting increasing hesitation
Sensory cues for entrainment
- acoustic (music)
- visual (seeing partner)
- haptic (direct - dance, indirect - via object)
Lag 0
- original two time series
- no shifting