9. edema Flashcards

1
Q

Edema

A

Is the collection of excess fluid in the interstitial space and body cavities

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2
Q

Causes

A

Increase in net fluid flux (Jv) + Lymphatic obstruction

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3
Q

Lymphatic obstruction

A

Erysipelas, elephantiasis, inflammatory breast cancer, lymphadenectomy or radiation, neoplasms and lymphatic malformations

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4
Q

Erysipelas

A

Superficial cutaneous Cellulitis caused by S.pyogenes

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5
Q

elephantiasis

A

Filarial lymphadenitis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi

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6
Q

Inflammatory breast cancer

A

Peau d’ orange

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7
Q

Increase in vascular permeability(Kf)

A

Inflammation,
infections (sepsis),
burn,
anaphylaxis
and bleomycin

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8
Q

Increase in oncotic pressure in interstitial space(πi)

A

Myxoedema due glycosaminoglycan (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism.

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9
Q

Decrease in oncotic pressure in vasculature (πc)

A

Hypoalbuminemia due to malnutrition (kwashiorkor),
Protein-losing gastroenteropathies malabsorption,
liver cirrhosis and
nephrotic syndrome

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10
Q

Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure(Pc)

A

Impaired venous return; CHF, Constrictive pericarditis, Ascites (liver cirrhosis), Venous obstruction (DVT) and External pressure due to a mass

Arteriolar dilatation; Heat and Neurohumoral dysregulation

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11
Q

Classification of edema based on the distribution and extent of involvement

A

Localized edema is limited to a small area, E.g, organ-specific edema, elephantiasis, edema of DVT, allergic laryngeal edema and localized inflammatory edema

Generalized edema (Anasarca) may involve the entire body
eg (CHF, nephrotic syndrome and nutritional deficiency)

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12
Q

Based on the composition of the fluid

A

Transudate fluid that results from an imbalance in hydrostatic and osmotic pressures across the blood vessels
and
exudate a fluid that contains a higher protein content and is often associated with inflammation or tissue injury.

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13
Q

Consequences of edema

A

Increase in the diffusion distance for oxygen, nutrients and toxic by-products  Compromise cellular function

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14
Q

Pulmonary edema 2 types

A

cardiogenic- left side heart failure

non cardiogenic - injury to lung parenchyma or vasculature of the lung like ARDS, pneumonia

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15
Q

Renal edema characteristic

A

Appears first in loose connective tissue eg, the eyelids (periorbital edema)

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16
Q

Nephrotic edema

A

Nephrotic edema-heavy proteinuria

17
Q

Nephritic edema

A

mainly due to excessive reabsorption of sodium and water.

18
Q

Subcutaneous edema
dependent

A

localized to the most dependent part of the body (legs while standing and the sacrum while recumbent)

19
Q

non pitting example

A

lymphedema and myexedema

20
Q

Cerebral edema Monro kellie doctrine

A

any increase in the volume of one component must be compensated by a decrease in the volume of another component to maintain a stable ICP.

21
Q

Pleural effusion

A

Hydrothorax
Chylothorax
Hemothorax
Pyothorax

22
Q

Pericardial effusion
and cause

A

Blood
Pericarditis; TB, Autoimmune (Dressler’s syndrome)

23
Q

Peritoneal effusion (ascites)

A

Portal hypertention
Nephrotic
Peritonitis
Malignancy
SAAG = serum albumin – ascites albumin
SAAG > 1.1 g/dl in portal hypertention

24
Q

Pneumoperitonium cause

A

perforated viscus in typhoid fever,
PUD

25
Q

Hyperemia

A

local increase in volume of blood in a particular tissue due to arteriolar dilatation

26
Q

Congestion
(passive hyperemia)

A

a passive process resulting from impaired outflow from a particular organ/tissue

27
Q

Acute Pulmonary Congestion microscopic

A

Alveolar septal edema
Engorged septal capillaries
Focal intra-alveolar haemorrhages

28
Q

Chronic passive congestion of liver

A

nutmeg liver

28
Q
A