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Neuro Exam 2 > 9 Development of the Brain - M > Flashcards

9 Development of the Brain - M Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of neurulation?

A

neural plate –> neural groove –> neural tube

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2
Q

What structure induces neurulation?

A

the notochord

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3
Q

The caudal 1/3 of the neural plate develops in what?

A

future spinal cord

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4
Q

What are the last two parts of the neural groove to close during neurulation?

A

Cranial & caudal neuropores

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5
Q

which neuropore, cranial or caudal, closes last?

A

caudal neuropore (Day 27)

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6
Q

Where does secondary neurulation occur?

A

the sacrum and coccyx

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7
Q

What occurs during secondary neurulation?

A

the caudal eminence fuses with the caudal portion of the neural tube

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8
Q

What cells are derived from neuroectoderm?

A

neurons of the CNS, glial cells, ependyma

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9
Q

What type of glial cell is not derived from neuroectoderm?

A

microglial cells (macrophages); derived from mesenchymal cells

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10
Q

NCCs give rise to which part of the nervous system?

A

the peripheral NS including all ganglia outside of the CNS

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11
Q

The 4th pair of somites demarks what?

A

Marks which part of the NT will form the brain and which will form the spinal cord

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12
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the NT that will develop into the brain?

A

Prosencephalon/forebrain, mesencephalon/midbrain, rhombencephalon/hindbrain

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13
Q

The prosencephalon/forebrain divides to give rise to what 2 brain regions?

A

Telencephalon (cerebrum) and diencephalon

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14
Q

The mesencephalon/midbrain gives rise to what brain region?

A

midbrain

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15
Q

The rhombencephalon/hindbrain gives rise divides into what brain structures?

A

metencephalon (pons) and myelencephalon (medulla)

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16
Q

When does the telencephalon begin to divide into two hemispheres?

A

by the 5th wk

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17
Q

What flexure is found between the midbrain & hindbrain?

A

cephalic flexure

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18
Q

What flexure is found between the hindbrain and the cervical region?

A

cervical flexure

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19
Q

During what timeframe are the basal ganglia developing?

A

6th-32nd wks

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20
Q

What structures are derived from the telencephalon? (6 major structures)

A

cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, olfactory bulb/tract, basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus

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21
Q

What structures are derived from the diencephalon? (4)

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal gland), and eyes (optic nerve)

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22
Q

Which 2 cranial nerves are derived from the midbrain?

A

oculomotor and trochlear

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23
Q

What structures are derived from the midbrain?

A

cerebral peduncles, tectum, tegmentum, substania nigra, and periaquedutal gray matter

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24
Q

What are the structures found in the tectum?

A

superior/inferior colliculi

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25
Q

What is holoprosencephaly (HPE)?

A

incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres (errors during 5th wk)

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26
Q

What other malformations are associated with HPE?

A

facial malformations (cleft lip/palate), orbital hypotelorism

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27
Q

What two structures give rise to the pituitary gland?

A

1st PA ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch) and neuroectoderm from forebrain (diencephalon)

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28
Q

the 1st PA ectoderm gives rise to which part of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior lobe (adenohypophysis)

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29
Q

Forebrain neuroectoderm gives rise to which part of the pituitary gland?

A

posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

30
Q

What separates the developing spinal cord into anterior and posterior plates?

A

the sulcus limitans

31
Q

What are the 2 plates of the developing spinal cord?

A

alar plate (posterior), basal plate (anterior)

32
Q

What hormone signs for the rostral development of the alar plate?

A

BMP (review from MSK)

33
Q

Why does the alar plate derivatives ascend in the spinal cord?

A

because it gives rise to the sensory tracts

34
Q

Why does the basal plate derivatives descend in the spinal tract?

A

because it gives rise to the motor tracts

35
Q

What are the 3 zones of the developing spinal cord?

A
  1. ventricular zone
  2. intermediate zone
  3. marginal zone
36
Q

What cells are found in the ventricular zone of the developing spinal cord?

A

germinal/ventricular cell –> ependymoblast –> epedymal/choroid plexus cells in the ventricular zone

37
Q

What cells are found in the intermediate/mantle zone of the developing spinal cord?

A

cell bodies (gray matter) of neurons and glial cells

38
Q

What cells are found in the marginal zone of the developing spinal cord?

A

axons of primary afferents/efferents and oligodendrocytes

39
Q

Which nuclei in the myelencephalon (medulla) are derived from the basal plate?

A
  • hypoglossal nucleus
  • dorsal motor vagal nucleus
  • nucleus ambiguus
40
Q

Which nuclei of the myelencephalon are derived from the alar plate?

A
  • vestibular nuclei
  • cochlear nuclei
  • soliatary nuclei
  • inferior olive
  • spinal trigeminal nuclei and tracts
41
Q

What nuclei of the metencephalon (pons) are derived from the basal plate?

A
  • motor nuclei for CN 5, 6 and 7
  • superior salivary nucules (CN 7)
42
Q

What nuclei of the metencephalon (pons) are derived from the alar plate?

A
  • cerebellar anlage
  • cochlear nuclei
  • vestibular nuclei
  • solitary nucleus
  • pontine nuclei
  • *
43
Q

What nuclei of the mesencephalon are derived from the basal plate?

A
  • red nuclei
  • oculomotor nuclei
  • edinger-westphal nuclei
44
Q

What nuclei of the mesencephalon are derived from the alar plate?

A

superior and inferior colliculi

45
Q

What is syringomyelia?

A

A cyst that occurs in the central canal and results in the accumulation of CSF in the cervical region

46
Q

syringomyelia is high associated with what type of congenital malformation?

A

Chiari type 1 malformations

47
Q

What type of gait patterns are associated with spasitc cerebral palsy

A

toe walking and scissor gait

48
Q

Described the types of movements associated with athetoid cerebral palsy?

A

slow writhing movements of extremities and/or trunk (serpent type movements)

49
Q

What type of movements are associated with ataxic cerebral palsy?

A

uncoordinated, weakness, and shaking during voluntary movements; damage to cerebellum

50
Q

Arnold-Chiari malformations are due to errors in the development of what part of the brain?

A

hindbrain

51
Q

Chiari type 1 malformations are the result of what developmental error?

A

herniation of cerebellar tonsil through the foramen magnum

52
Q

Chiari type 1 malformations are highly associated with what other pathology?

A

syringomyelia

53
Q

What are some signs of Chiari type 1 malformations?

A
  • head/neck pain
  • lower cranial nerve problems (CN 5-12)
54
Q

What pathology doe this patient have?

A

Chiari type 1 malformation; may also have syringomyelia

55
Q

How are arnold-Chiari type 2 malformations described?

A

Herniation of medulla and cerebellum through the foramen magnum

56
Q

What pathology highly associated with Arnold-Chiari type 2 malformations?

A

spina bifida (3 types so look them up if you don’t remember)

57
Q

When are Arnold-Chiari malformations typically diagnosed?

A

during fetal development by MRI (look at brainstem & lumbar region)

58
Q

What pathology is a result of a large cyst in the posterior fossa that is continuous with the 4th ventricle

A

Dandy-Walker malformation/cyst

59
Q

What foramina can be affected by a Dandy-Walker cyst?

A

Foramina of Luschka and Magendie

60
Q

What brain structure can be affected by a Dandy-Walker cyst?

A

Cerebellum

61
Q

What is the purpose of brain gyri and sulci?

A

Increases the amount of brain matter that can develop in the cranial vault; also decreases the length of axons & allows for faster processing speeds

62
Q

What is lissencephaly or agyria?

A

SMOOTH BRAIN d/t incomplete or failure of neuronal migration during 12-24th wks

63
Q

What cells are derived from the NCC regarding the PNS

A
  • dorsal root ganglia
  • sensory ganglia of cranial nerves
    • otic, pterygopalatine, ciliary, mandibular
  • Schwann cells
  • sympathetic ganglia
64
Q

When during development does myelination occur?

A

late fetal period through first postnatal year

65
Q

What are the 4 types of spina bifida?

A
  • Spina Bifida occulta
  • meningocele
  • meningomyelocele
  • myelocele/myeloschisis
66
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Neural tube failure that results in the absence of parts of the brain, skull, and scalp

67
Q

What is encephalocele

A
  • incomplete closure that results in sac-like protrusions from the head
    • may or may not contain herniated of brain tissue
68
Q

What spinal cord defect does this patient have? what other malformation may this patient have?

A

Patient has spina bifidia occulta, may also have Chiari type 1 malformation

69
Q

What is this? What else might the patient have?

A

myelomeningocele; Chiari type 1 malformation

70
Q

What part of the neural plate do the NCCs develop from?

A

Neural crest

71
Q

The crainal 2/3rds of the neural plate develops into what?

A

the 4th pair of somites = future brain

Neuro Exam 2 (21 decks)

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