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Neuro Exam 2 > 13 Motor Systems - M > Flashcards

13 Motor Systems - M Flashcards

1
Q

Which Brodmann’s area is associated with the primary motor cortex?

A

area 4

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2
Q

Neurons from which spinal tracts arise from the primary motor cortex and associated motor cortices?

A

Corticospinal tract (CST) and corticonucleus system

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3
Q

What type of neurons arise from the motor cortices?

A

UMNs

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4
Q

How is the motor homunculus organized?

A
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5
Q

Where do CST fibers cross?

A

pyramidal decussation in the medulla

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6
Q

What side of the body is innervated by the L primary & associated motor cortices?

A

The R side of the body

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7
Q

A lesion in the CST tract rostral/superior to the medulla pyramids results with hemiparesis or hemiplegia on what side of the body?

A

contralateral side of lesion b/c lesion is before decussation

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8
Q

A lesion of the CST caudal/inferior to the medulla pyramids results in hemiparesis on which side of the body?

A

ipsilateral side b/c lesion is after decussation

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9
Q

Fibers of the corticonuclear tract project where?

A

to the motor nuclei of CNs in the midbrain, pons & medulla

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10
Q

What are the only two groups of head/facial muscles to receive contralateral innervations instead of bilateral innervation by UMNs of the Corticonucleus system?

A

lower facial muscles & genioglossus muscle

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11
Q

The lateral corticospinal tract supplies what type of muscles?

A

appendicular muscles (muscles of extremities)

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12
Q

The anterior corticospinal tract supplies what type of muscles?

A

axial muscles (muscles of the trunk)

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13
Q

Which part of the corticospinal tract does not cross to the contralateral side?

A

The anterior CST

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14
Q

After leaving the motor cortices what structures do the UMNs axons of the CST pass through in the telencephalon?

A

corona radiata –> posterior limb of internal capsule

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15
Q

What do UMNs of the CST code for/ what is their effect on LMNs?

A

encode for required force & direction of movement

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16
Q

What brain systems/regions are important for the activation of the appropriate response to a stimulus?

A

Cerebellum, Basal nuclei, thalamus, and primary/supplemental sensory cortices

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17
Q

What is Brodmann area 6?

A

supplementary motor cortex

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18
Q

What cortical region plans the muscular movements and what executes the plan

A
  • supplementary motor cortex (area 6) = plans
  • primary motor cortex (area 4) = executes
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19
Q

UMNs from which motor cortex project to the reticular activating system to form the reticulospinal fiber/tract?

A

supplementary motor cortex

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20
Q

What structure is located at the anteromedially most part of the striatum

A

Nucleus accumbens

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21
Q

What structures lies superomedially to the internal capsule?

A

caudate nucleus

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22
Q

What structures lie lateral to the internal capsule?

A

Lentiform nucleus (globus pallidus and putamen) of the basal nucleus

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23
Q

What structure lies directly medial to the putamen?

A

globus pallidus

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24
Q

What structure lies directly lateral to the globus pallidus?

A

putamen

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25
Q

What is the function of the putamen?

A

subconscious muscular movement (i.e. posture)

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26
Q

What is the function of the caudate nucleus?

A

patterned movements associated w/ walking (remember cycle?)

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27
Q

What is the function of the globus pallidus?

A
  • adjusts muscle tone
    • (influences UMNs’ modulatory effects on LMNs)
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28
Q

What are the 5 major nuclei of the basal nuclei/ganglia?

A
  1. caudate nucleus
  2. nucleus accumbens
  3. globus pallidus
  4. putamen
  5. substantia nigra
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29
Q

What is the most ventral part of the midbrain?

A

substantia nigra (posterior to cerebellar peduncle but anterior to the tegmentum)

30
Q

What are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra?

A

pars compacta and pars reticulate

31
Q

What is the main site of input into the substantia nigra?

A

pars compacta

32
Q

What part of the substantia nigra houses neurons that contain melanin and make dopamine?

A

pars compacta

33
Q

What do the pars compacta due with the dopamine it makes?

A

projects to and supplies the caudate and putamen with dopamine

34
Q

What is the function of the pars reticulate?

A

projects to other brain regions

35
Q

What nucleus is the pars reticulate a functional homolog of?

A

globus pallidus (medial segment)

36
Q

What are the 2 pathways of the basal nucleus?

A

direct and indirect pathways

37
Q

What is the function of the direct basal nucleus pathway?

A

increases activity of the thalamus = increases cerebral activity

38
Q

What is the function of the indirect pathway of the basal nucleus?

A

inhibits the direct pathways = decreases thalamic activity

39
Q

Pallidothalamic fibers are GABAergic neurons that are apart of which basal nuclear pathway?

A

indirect pathway b/c that inhibit thalamic activity

40
Q

GABAergic neurons typically do what?

A

act as inhibitory neurons = decreasing activity of target cells

41
Q

What is the subthalamic fasciculus?

A

a bidirectional pathway between the subthalamus and globus pallidus

42
Q

Function of the subthalamic fasciculus when the direct pathway is active?

A

pallidosubthalamic fiber (GABAergic) inhibit subthalamic cells = blocks inhibition of thalamus

43
Q

Function of the subthalamic fasciculus when the indirect basal pathway is active?

A

pallidosubthalamic fibers are inhibited = activation of suthalamopallidal fibers (Glutamate) –> activation of pallidothalamic fiber (GABAergic fibers –> inhibits thalamus activity

44
Q

What are nigro-thalamic fibers?

A

non-dopaminergic fibers from pars reticulars –> thalamus

45
Q

Where do nigro-thalamic fibers terminate?

A

ventroanterior and ventrolateral thalamic nuclei

46
Q

What are nigro-striatal fibers?

A

dopaminergic fibers from pars compacta

47
Q

Name the fibers and part of the substantia nigra that are destroyed in Parkinson’s disease?

A

Nigro-striatal fibers from the pars compacta

48
Q

What nuclei comprise the dorsal (corpus) striatum?

A

caudate nucleus & putamen

49
Q

What type of fibers are striatonigral fibers?

A

GABAergric (inhibitory)

50
Q

What is the path of striatonigral fibers?

A

putamen –> par compacta of substantia nigra & globus pallidus

51
Q

What is the path of nigro-striatal fibers?

A

substantia nigra –> striatum (caudate & putamen)

52
Q

What damage to what structure is most commonly associated with Parkinson’s disease?

A

pars compacta of substantia nigra w/in the basal nucleus

53
Q

What would be some signs of Parkinson’s disease?

A
  • shuffling gait
  • tremoring limbs at rest
  • akinesia
  • bradykinesia
  • disrupted eye movements
  • loss of postural reflexes
54
Q

When do Huntington’s Disease symptoms begin?

A

35-44yrs of age

55
Q

Loss of what fibers are associated with Huntington’s disease?

A

striatonigral fibers (GABAergic) = inhibit pars compacta of substantia nigra

56
Q

Why would the loss of striatonigral fibers lead to Huntington’s disease?

A

Loss of inhibition of substantia nigra –> overactivation of the corpus striatum = loss of cognitive coordination

57
Q

What is Sydenham’s chorea?

A

Childhood autoimmune disease that disrupts the neuronal activity of basal nucleus

58
Q

What is a major manifestation of rheumatic fever?

A

Sydenham’s chorea

59
Q

What is ballismus?

A

uncontrolled flinging (ballistic movement) of limbs

60
Q

How does ballismus typically present?

A

as hemiballismus

61
Q

What is chorea?

A

rapid, irregular involuntary, dance-like movements that flow randomly from one body region to another

62
Q

What diseases can chorea be seen with?

A
  • Huntington disease
  • tardive dyskinesia
  • treatment of Parkinson’s disease
  • rheumatic fever
63
Q

What is athetosis?

A

the continuous writhing of distal portions of one or more extremities

64
Q

What nuclei receive UMNs from corticonuclear fibers?

A
  • motor nuclei of CN 5, 7, 12
  • nucleus ambiguus (CNs 9 and 10)
  • accessory nucleus (CN 11)
65
Q

UMN lesions of CN 7 lead to what type of facial paralysis?

A

central facial paralysis (central 7) = drooping of contralateral lower lip

66
Q

LMN lesions of CN 7 lead to what type of facial paralysis?

A

Bell (facial) palsy = flaccid paralysis of upper and lower facial muscles on the ipsilateral side

67
Q

UMNs lesions of nucleus ambiguus leads to damage in motor neurons from what nerves?

A

CNs 9 and 10

68
Q

Damage to UMN going to the CN 10 part of nucleus ambiguus leads to what?

  • R UMNs –> L nucleus ambiguus –> ____
A

deviation of plate/uvula towards lesion/away from the damaged nerve

R UMNs –> L nucleus ambiguus –> weak uvula on L = deviation to R.

69
Q

Damage of R UMNs to the L hypoglossus motor nucleus results in what?

A

loss of Left (contralateral) hypoglossus nerve = tongue protrudes to left

70
Q

Damage to LMNs from the hypoglossus motor nucleus or root of the hypoglossus nerve results in what?

A

weakness and deviation of tongue to side of lesion

71
Q

What other tract runs in close association to the corticonuclear tract?

A

corticospinal tract (CST)

72
Q

occlusion or hemorrhage of what artery would result in a lesion to corticonuclear tract as it passes through the internal capsule?

A

lenticulostriate/thalamostriatal artery from the MCA.

Neuro Exam 2 (21 decks)

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