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Neuro Exam 2 > 1 General Terminology and SC Mophology - B > Flashcards

1 General Terminology and SC Mophology - B Flashcards

1
Q

What are local interneurons

A

Neurons that have processes confined to a single small area of the CNS

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2
Q

What are projection neurons

A

Cells with long axons connecting different areas

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3
Q

Gray matter

A

Contains cell bodies and dendrites

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4
Q

Nuclei are

A

Collections of cell bodies with a common function located within the CNS

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5
Q

White matter is

A

An area where there is a collection of axons; many covered in myelin

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6
Q

Fasiculus, funiculus, lemniscus, and tract are all terms for

A

White matter

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7
Q

What is the cortex

A

Layers of gray matter over other parts of CNS

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8
Q

2 part naming system of tracts is

A

1st part - location of neuronal cell bodies from which axons originate 2nd part - where axons terminate

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9
Q

The cervical enlargement is responsible for

A

Upper extremity

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10
Q

The lumbosacral enlargement is responsible for

A

Lower extremity

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11
Q

The pairs of spinal nerves are

A

C1-8 T1-12 L1-5 S1-5 Co1

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12
Q

The conus medullaris is

A

Tapering inferior end of spinal cord

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13
Q

Inferior to the conus medullaris is

A

Cauda equina

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14
Q

The filum terminale

A

Thin strand of pia mater that helps anchor the conus medullaris to the coccyx

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15
Q

Where do the posterior rootlets enter the cord

A

Posterolateral sulcus

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16
Q

Where do the anterior rootlets leave

A

Poorly defined anterolateral sulcus

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17
Q

What is the substantia gelatinosa

A

Distinctive region of grey matter that caps the posterior horn

SG

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18
Q

What is the body of posterior horn

A

Consists of interneurons and projection neurons that transmit somatic and visceral information

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19
Q

Substantia gelatinosa carries primarily

A

Pain and temperature information

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20
Q

What is Lissauer’s tract

A

White matter located between substantia gelatinosa and the surface of the cord

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21
Q

The anterior horn contains

A

Cell bodies of large motor neurons that supply skeletal muscle

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22
Q

Motor neurons that supply mm are called

A

Lower motor neurons

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23
Q

The intermediate gray matter contains

A

Autonomic fibers (preganglionic fibers)

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24
Q

Clarks nucleus is also known as

A

Posterior thoracic nucleus

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25
Q

Where is Clark’s nucleus

A

Medial surface of the base of posterior horn (T1 to L2)

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26
Q

Intermediolateral cell column contains what

A

Preganglionic sympathetic neurons

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27
Q

The sacral parasympathetic nucleus is at what level

A

S2-4

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28
Q

Clark’s nucleus plays a large role in

A

Sensory processing Typically treated as though it is posterior horn

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29
Q

What are the laminae of the gray matter

A

Lamina 1-10

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30
Q

Lamina 1 is

A

Thin layer of gray matter covering the substantia gelatinosa

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31
Q

What is lamina 2

A

Substantia gelatinosa

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32
Q

What are lamina 3-6

A

Body of the posterior horn

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33
Q

What is lamina 7

A

Corresponds to the intermediate gray matter (including clarks nucleus) but also into anterior horn

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34
Q

What is lamina 8

A

Comprises some fo the interneuron zones of the anterior horn

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35
Q

What is lamina 9

A

Consists of clusters of motor neurons embedded in the anterior horn

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36
Q

What is lamina 10

A

Zone of gray matter surrounding the central canal

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37
Q

What is the fasiculus cuneatus

A

Bundle of axon fibers in the posterior columnmedial lemniscus (Sensory to brain)

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38
Q

What is the fasiculus gracilis

A

Bundle of fibers in the posterior columnmedial lemniscus Carries sensory from middle thoracic and lower limbs

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39
Q

Where are the cell bodies for sensory fibers

A

DRG

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40
Q

What is found in the white matter

A

Long descending tracts Long ascending tracts Communicating axons b/n levels

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41
Q

What is contained in the gray matter

A

-Motor neuron cell bodies -Endings of sensory axons -Second order sensory cell bodies -Endings of long descending tracts and local interneurons

42
Q

What are sulci

A

Grooves b/n gyri

43
Q

What are gyri

A

Ridge of brain

44
Q

What are fissures

A

Deep gyri

45
Q

What are the 4 prominent sulci

A

Central Lateral Parietoccipital Cingulate

46
Q

What joins the 2 hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

47
Q

Where is the frontal lobe

A

-extends from frontal pole to central sulcus

48
Q

What separates the frontal and temporal lobes

A

Lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure)

49
Q

Where does the frontal lobe extend to medially

A

Cingulate sulcus

50
Q

What does the frontal lobe continue as inferiorly

A

Orbital part of frontal lobe

51
Q

Where is the parietal lobe

A

Extends from the central sulcus to an imaginary line connecting the top of the parietooccipital suclus and preoccipital notch

52
Q

What bounds the parietal lobe inferiorly

A

Lateral sulcus and imaginary continuation of the suclus to the posterior boundary of the parietal lobe

53
Q

What bounds the parietal lobe medially

A

Bounded inferomedially by subparietal and calcarine sulci

54
Q

Where is the temporal lobe

A

Extends to the lateral sulcus and the line forming the inferior boundary of the parietal lobe

55
Q

Where is the occipital lobe

A

Bounded anteriorly by the parietal and temporal lobes on the lateral and medial surfaces

56
Q

What is the limbic lobes

A

Strip of cortex that appears and encircles the telencephalon/diencephalon junction

57
Q

The nervous system develops from the neural tube that contains a central cavity which persists as

A

ventricles

58
Q

what is the flow of CSF

A
59
Q

what are arcuate fibers

A

fibers that connect cortical areas within the same sulcus/gyrus

60
Q

what are longitudinal/association fasiculi

A

connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere

61
Q

what are commissural tracts

A

connect cortial areas within r/l hemispheres

62
Q

what are projection tracts

A

connect cortical areas within other body regions

63
Q

what is the corpus callosum

A

part of the brain that connects the two halves

64
Q

what is the anterior commissure (of the corpus callosum)

A

commissural fibers to and from the temporal lobe (especially inferior parts)

65
Q

what is the insula and how can you find it

A

area buried in the lateral sulcus; can be found by prying open the lateral sulcus or by removing opercula

66
Q

what is the circular sulcus

A

outlines the insula and marks its borders with the opercular areas of the cortex

67
Q

what gyri make up the frontal lobe

A

precentral, superior, middle and inferior gyri

68
Q

what is housed within the precentral gyrus

A

primary motor cortex (origin of the descending motor pathways and voluntary movements)

69
Q

where are the premotor and supplementary motor areas

A

occupy the remainder of the precentral gyrus and the posterior portions of the superior and middle frontal gyri

(related to planning movement)

70
Q

what is brocas area

A

opercular and triangular parts of interior frontal gyrus

(impportant in motor aspects of written and spoken languages)

71
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex

A

occupies the rest of the frontal lobe (not taken up by motor cortices or brocas)

  • invovled in executive functions
  • personality
  • decision making
  • foresight
  • insight
72
Q

the parietal lobe includes what landmarks

A

postcentral gyrus and superior and inferior parietal lobules

73
Q

what are the functions of the parietal lobe

A
  1. post central gyrus corresponds to primary somatosensory cortex (processing tactile, proprioceptive info, and sensory localization)
  2. inferior paritetal lobule is involved in language comprehension
  3. remainder has aspects in spatial orientation and directing attention
74
Q

the homunculus is made of sensory and motor innervation of areas of the body

A
75
Q

the temporal lobe contains what gyri

A

superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri

76
Q

the inferior surface of the temporal lobe is made up of

A

occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus

77
Q

what functions are associated with the temporal lobe

A
  1. superior surface, continuing as a small area of the superior temporal gyrus is the primary auditory cortex
  2. wernickes area is located on the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus and is important in the comprehension of language
  3. inferior surface is involved in higher-order processing of visual information
  4. most medial part is invovled in learning and memory
78
Q

The lateral surface of the occipital lobe contains the

A

lateral occipital gyri

79
Q

the cuneus is

A

a wedge-shaped area b/n the parietooccipital and calcarine sulci

80
Q

the lingual gyrus is inferior to what

A

calcarine sulcus sand is usually continuous with the parahippocampal gyrus

81
Q

the primary visual cortex is located where

A

walls of calcarine sulcus

82
Q

the remainder of the the occipital lobe is

A

the visual association cortex

-involved in higher order processing of visual information

83
Q

the limbic lobe is mostly composed of

A

cingulate and parahippocampal gyri

84
Q

the anterior end of the parahippocampal gyri hooks backward on itself forming a medial bump called

A

the uncus

85
Q

folded into the temporal lobe at the hippocampal sulcus is the

A

hippocampus

86
Q

where is the amygdala

A

beneath the uncus of the temporal lobe

87
Q

the limbic lobe is important in

A

emotional responses, drive-related behavior, and memory

88
Q

the diencephalon has what divisions

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus

89
Q

what is the job of the thalamus

A

relaying information to the cerebral cortex

  • all sensory info besides olfactory goes here
  • limbic connects here as well
90
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

controls the autonomic nervous system

  • connected to thalamus via infundibular stalk
  • two rounded protuberances called mammillary bodies are visible
  • regulates visceral responses, temperature, and some limbic functions
91
Q

what are the portions of the brainstem

A

midbrain, continuous with diencephalon

pons

medulla, continuous with spinal cord

92
Q

what are the divisions of the cerebellum

A

vermis when viewed superior to inferior with lateral hemispheres

lobes:

  • anterior
  • flocculonodular
  • posterior
93
Q

what is the job of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum

A

receieves a large number of afferents from the spinal cord; plays a role in coordinating trunk and limb movements

94
Q

what is the job of the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum

A

receives afferents from the vestibular system and is involved in controlling eye movements and posterural adjustments to gravity

95
Q

what is the role of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum

A

receives majority of afferents from the cerebral cortex via pons; plays a role in coordination of voluntary movements

96
Q

what is the basal nuclei

A

group of nuclei that lie deep to the cerebral cortex in each hemisphere

97
Q

what are the nuclei of the basal nuclei

A

caudate and lenticular nucleus (subdivided into putamen and globus pallidus)

98
Q

what separates the lenticular nuclei from the thalamus and caudate

A

internal capsule

99
Q

what does the internal capsule contain

A

most of the fibers interconnecting the cerebral cortex and deep structures (thalamus, basal nuclei, and brainstem)

100
Q

what cells provide the only pathway for the CNS to cause motor contraction

A

lower motor neurons

101
Q

where along the motor pathway to fibers decussate

A

UMN of the corticospinal tract

Neuro Exam 2 (21 decks)

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