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Neuroendocrine Exam 2 > 9. Development of the Brain (Dennis) > Flashcards

9. Development of the Brain (Dennis) Flashcards

1
Q

What do we call the layer of pia mater and ependymal cells that gives rise to the choroid plexus?

A

Tela choroidea

located in 4th ventricle

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2
Q

What sort of epithelium makes up the neural tube?

A

The neural tube, once closed, consists of pseudostratified columnar neuroepithelium.

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3
Q

What division is formed by the mesencephalic flexure?

A

Diencephalon – Mesencephalon

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4
Q

Describe the histiogenesis of the cerebral cortex

A

cortical layers are laid down in a sequence from deep to superficial

AKA the cells “born” first are the deepest, like rings on a tree

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5
Q

The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus arise from what vesicle of the brain?

A

The diencephalon

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6
Q

What form of spina bifida can result in paralysis or muscle weakness in the lower limbs?

A

Myeloschisis

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7
Q

What are the three ventricles in early brain development?

A

Prosencephalon

Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

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8
Q

The cerebral peduncles arise from which vesicle of the brain?

A

The mesencephalon

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9
Q

Which of the three layers of the neural tube do glial cells (other than microglia) differentiate from?

A

The ventricular zone, after the differentiation of neuroepithelial cells into neuroblasts has finished.

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10
Q

How do the median foramen of Magendie and the lateral foramina of Lushka develop?

A

The roof of the fourth ventricle in the metencephalon evaginate into the subarachnoid space and rupture, forming the foramina.

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11
Q

When do ependymal cells develop, and where from?

A

Ependymal cells develop after the neuroblasts and other glial cells differentiate from the neuroepithelial cells of the ventricular zone.

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12
Q

From lateral to medial, what are the nuclei formed from the alar and basal plates in the hindbrain?

A

Special somatic afferent

General somatic afferent

Special visceral afferent

General visceral afferent

General visceral efferent

Special visceral efferent

General somatic efferent

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13
Q

The cerebellum arises from which vesicle of the brain?

A

The metencephalon.

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14
Q

The substantia nigra arises from which vesicle of the brain?1

A

The midbrain

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15
Q

What do we call the dorsal and ventral aspects of the midbrain, respectively?

A

Dorsal = tectum

Ventral = tegmentum

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16
Q

What is neuronal neterotopia?

What is it associated with?

A

Cells in aberrant positions compared to a normal brain.

Lissencephaly

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17
Q

The superior and inferior colliculi arise from which vesicle of the brain?

A

Mesencephalon

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18
Q

What division is formed by the pontine flexure?

A

Metencephalon – Myelincephalon

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19
Q

The pons arises from which vesicle of the brain?

A

The metencephalon

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20
Q

What are the four listed causes of microcephaly?

A

Infection

Maternal alcohol use

Ionizing radiation

Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly

21
Q

The third ventricle arises from what vesicle of the brain?

A

Mostly the diencephalon, but also part of the telencephalon.

22
Q

How is the neural tube formed?

A

The neural plate and groove develop on the posterior portion of the embryo post-gastrulation, as induced by the notochord. The neural folds proliferate and grow up and around into the neural tube.

23
Q

What structure in the adult do basal plates become?

A

The intermediate and ventral horns (grey matter).

24
Q

What division is formed by the cervical flexure of the brain?

A

Spinal cord – hindbrain

25
Q

What cells form the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus?

A

Neuroblasts which have migrated from the alar plate.

26
Q

What are the four tegmental nuclei?

A

Red nuclei

Reticular nuclei

CN III nuclei

CN IV nuclei

27
Q

What other structure do the mamillary bodies develop from, and in what vesicle of the brain?

A

The mamillary bodies develop off of the hypothalamus in the diencephalon.

28
Q

What structure develops into the pineal gland, and in what vesicle of the brain?

A

The pineal gland develops from the epithalamus in the diencephalon.

29
Q

What are the three zones of the cells of the neural tube, and what cells are found there?

A
  • The ventricular zone is closest to the middle
    • This region is the area where cells are proliferating.
  • The intermediate (or mantle zone) is between the two layers
    • This is the region in which cells are differentiating, this is where they become neuroblasts.
  • The marginal zone is the outermost layer
    • There are not as many cell bodies here, however there are axons.
30
Q

What two areas gives rise to the pituitary?

What structures of the pituitary are formed by each?

A

The roof of the stomodeum forms the “hypophyseal diverticulum,” which forms the following structures in the pituitary:

  • Pars Anterior
  • Pars Tuberalis

The diencephalon forms the “neurohypophyseal diverticulum” which forms the following structures:

  • Median eminence
  • Infundibular stem
  • Pars nervosa
31
Q

Describe the two parts of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior Pituitary

hypophyseal diverticulum is made of surface ectoderm and comes from the stomodeum, non-neuronally derived

Posterior Pituitary

neurohypophyseal diverticulum is made of neuroectoderm and is neuronally derived.

32
Q

What is pachygyria?

A

Broad, thick gyri

33
Q

What is the term for the disorder of the brain on the left?

A

Lissencephaly

consists of pachygyria, agyria, and neuronal hetertopia

initially no sx, but progresses to Szs, MR, and spastic quadriplegia

34
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

What cause has been implicated?

A

The telencephalic vesicles do not separate into right and left, but instead remain singular.

This is associated with facial anomalies, like cyclopia.

Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) gene has been implicated.

35
Q

The cerebral aqueduct arises from which vesicle of the brain?

A

The mesencephalon

36
Q

What structure in the adult do alar plates become?

A

Dorsal horns (grey matter).

37
Q

What forms the falx cerebri?

A

Mesenchyme trapped in the longitudinal fissure after the formation of the choroid plexus.

38
Q

What are the secondary brain vesicles?

A

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

39
Q

Describe the formation of the Cerebral Commissures?

A

Anterior and hippocampal commisures form first

then corpus callosum forms along their length, linking them

the lamina terminalis at the rostral end of the forebeain forms the septum pellucidum

40
Q

What is agenesis of the Corpus Callosum?

A

complete or partial absence of the corpus callosum

may have no sx, Sz, or mental def.

41
Q

What comes from the hindbrain?

A

cervical flexure

pontine flexure

myelencephalon

metencephalon

42
Q

what comes from the myelencephalon?

A

nuclei gracilus and cuneatus

pyramids

pintine flexure and roof plate

alar plates move lateral to basal plate

43
Q

what comes from the basal plate?

A

GSE

SVE

GVE

44
Q

What comes from the Alar plate?

A

GVA

SVA

GSA

SSA

45
Q

What comes from the metencephalon?

A

pons and cerebellum, part of 4th ventricle

46
Q

What comes from the midbrain?

A

tectum–>colliculi

tegmental nuclei (red, reticular, CN III and IV nuclei)

crus cerebri

cerebral aquaduct

47
Q

What comes from the Telencephalon?

A

cerebral vesciles, cerebral hemispheres

3rd ventricle

optic vesicles

foramina

choroid plexus

falx cerebri

48
Q

What does the cavity of the hindbrain form?

A

lower part fourth ventricle

central canal in medulla

49
Q

the cerebellum develops from which parts of the alar plates?

A

dorsal part of the alar plates

cerebellar swellings project into 4th ventricle

Neuroendocrine Exam 2 (25 decks)

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