5. Basal Ganglia (Fellow)

Question 1

What structures make up the striatal complex?

Answer 1

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

Nucleus accumbens

Olfactory tubercle

Question 2

What is dystonia?

Types of focal dystonia

Answer 2

Body part gets stuck at the extreme end of an athetoid movement and must be straightened out.

Writer’s cramp, torticollis, blepharospasm, or drug induced types

Question 3

Which disease was discussed as being hypokinetic?

Answer 3

Parkinsons

Question 4

What disease is associated with an inability of patients to maintain their tongue in a protruded position?

Answer 4

Huntington’s

Question 5

What disease is associated with cogwheel rigidity?

Answer 5

Parkinson’s

Question 6

What is the cause of hemiballism?

Answer 6

Damage to the subthalamic nucleus on one side resulting in CL sx.

Question 7

Which arteries supply the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, internal capsule, and substantia nigra?

Answer 7

Caudate nucleus: Medial striate As

Putamen, globus pallidus, internal capsule: Lenticulostriate As.

(Internal capsule gets some supply from the anterior choroidal as well)

Substantia nigra: Paramedian branches of the basilar A., and posterior choroidal A from the posterior cerebral A.

Question 8

What are the major outputs of the basal ganglia?

Answer 8

Substantia nigra pars reticularis

Globus pallidus internus.

Question 9

What are the symptoms of Huntington’s Chorea due to?

Answer 9

A degeneration of the striatum and cerebral cortex, resulting in decreased GABA.

Question 10

Which thalamic nuclei do all basal ganglia loops besides the motor loop synapse into?

Answer 10

The ventral anterior and medial dorsal nuclei.

(Motor loop uses ventrolateral instead of medial dorsal)

Question 11

What disease is associated with a pill rolling tremor and block turning?

Answer 11

Parkinson’s

Question 12

What two structures make up the thalamic fasciculus?

Answer 12

The ansa lenticularis and the lenticular fasciculus.

Question 13

Which disease is associated with visuoperceptive impairments, such as someone misinterpreting an open door as an impassible barrier?

Answer 13

Parkinson’s

Question 14

Which nuclei of the thalamus are entered by fibers of the motor loop of the basal ganglia?

Answer 14

The ventral anterior and ventral lateral nuclei.

Question 15

Other than ideopathic, what are the causes of Parkinsons?

Answer 15

Encephalitis

Head trauma (demetia pugilistica)

MPTP – drug

CO and Mn poisoning

Wilson disease (copper processing issue)

Question 16

Which part of the substantia nigra is the input for the basal ganglia system?

Answer 16

Pars compacta

Question 17

What hyperkinetic disease can be caused by untreated strep throat (type A)?

Answer 17

Syndenham’s Chorea

Question 18

What structures make up the pallidal complex?

Answer 18

Globus pallidus

Substantia innominata

Question 19

What is the function of the nucleus accumbens?

Answer 19

Emotion. It is a part of the limbic system.

Question 20

What is Athetosis?

When will you see these sx?

Answer 20

Snake like movements.

Other disorders, like choreoathetosis, and in the use of dopamine blocking drugs or hypoxic injuries

Question 21

What makes up the Dorsal basal Nucleus?

Answer 21

Caudate Nucleus

Putamen

Globus Pallidus

Question 22

What makes up the ventral striatum

What makes up the ventral pallidum?

Answer 22

nucleus accumbnens and olfactory nucleus

substantia inominata

Question 23

What loop controls facial, limb and trunk musculature?

What loop controls saccadic eye movement?

What loop helps with cognition and executive behavior?

What loop helps in motivational behaviour and emotion?

Answer 23

Skeletomotor Loop

Oculomotor Loop

Association Loop

Limbic Loop

Question 24

What is the cause of Huntington’s Chorea and what are some key sx?

Answer 24

genetic, degeneration of neurons in striatum leading to decreased GABA

chorea (jerky movements)

speech, gait and memory issues, depression and SI due to physical brain degeneration