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Neuroendocrine Exam 2 > 6. Voluntary Motion (Karius) > Flashcards

6. Voluntary Motion (Karius) Flashcards

1
Q

Which visual pathway allows us to complete motor acts, like throwing a ball, or reaching for objects?

A

The dorsal visual pathway (the “where pathway”)

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2
Q

What is the general function of the supplementary motor cortex in voluntary movement?

A

Generally the supplementary motor cortex is responsible for organizing motor sequences, acquiring new motor skills, and executive control to switch strategies.

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3
Q

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Planned motor movement and learned motor functions.

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4
Q

What are the inputs to the vermis portion of the spinocerebellum?

A

Vestibular nuclei

Visual and auditory

Efferent copy of outgoing motor commands

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5
Q

Describe the pathway for creating a plan for reaching for an object.

A

Information from the primary visual cortex runs to the superior parietal cortex: areas V6A, PEc, Middle intraparietal area, Ventral intraparietal area.

This information is then sent to area F4 in the premotor cortex.

There is a parallel pathway that utilizes F2 to determine the location of your arm in space. Both F2 and F4 come together to create a map of how reaching should occur (planned the reach).

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6
Q

What are the inputs and output tracts for the lateral part of the spinocerebellum?

A

Inputs: Afferents from muscles and efferent copy of motor commands

Output tracts: Emboliform and globose nuclei

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7
Q

What are the inputs and outputs to the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Input: vestibular apparatus

Output: Fastigial nucleus to the vestibular nuclei

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8
Q

Describe the pathway for creating a plan for grasping an object.

A

The anterior intraparietal area and prefrontal gyrus contain visually dominant, motor dominant, and visuomotor neurons.

This information is sent to F5 in the premotor cortex.

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9
Q

What are the four parts of the cortex that contribute to the superior parietal cortex and are involved in creating a map for reaching?

A

V6A, PEc, Medial intraparietal area, Ventral intraparietal area

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10
Q

What is the function of the premotor cortex in the control of voluntary motion?

A

Determines if a motion is appropriate.

Identifies the intent of the motion, and the kind of motion to produce.

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11
Q

What is the function of the ventral intraparietal area?

A

Creates a map of the space around you, and then sends the signal to F4 in the premotor cortex.

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12
Q

What are the inputs and outputs for the cerebrocerebellum?

A

Input: Cerebral cortex

Output: Dentate nucleus

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13
Q

What is the function of the lateral aspect of the spinocerebellum?

A

Control of ongoing movements of the body.

Gait and station

Correction of ballistic motions.

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14
Q

Where is F4 located, and what is its function?

A

F4 is located in the premotor cortex and refines the information from the ventral intraparietal area to create a map of the object you want to reach for.

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15
Q

What are the outputs tracts for the vermis portion of the spinocerebellum?

A

The globose, emboliform, and fastigial nuclei.

(Not the dentate, because it does higher functions.)

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16
Q

What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

Helps to control movements related to the eyes.

Important in balance and eye movements.

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17
Q

Alpha motor neurons and gamma motor neurons work together to

A

contract the agonist (activated by brain)

or

relax the antagonist (inhibtied by the brain)

18
Q

What double checks our voluntary motion to make sure it is correct once it has started?

A

Spinocerebellum

19
Q

What does the brain do to the gammoa motor neurons of the muscle spindle in the antagonist muscle?

A

reduces the sensitivity to stretch

20
Q

What is the big picture for voluntary motion?

A
21
Q

What is the source of dopamine

Direct pathway

Indirect pathway

A

SNPC for both

22
Q

What is the location of dopaminergic synapse

Direct pathway

Indirect pathway

A

Striatum for both

23
Q

What is the receptor on the striatal neuron

Direct

Indirect

A

D1

D2

24
Q

what is the effect of dopamine binding

Direct pathway

Indirect pathway

A

Excitation

Inhibition

25
Q

What is the effect (+/-) on the overall pathway

Direct

Indirect

A

Activation

Inhibition

26
Q

What is the overall outcome of the indirect pathway?

A

it is activated by EAA from the cortex and Ach from the intrastraital tract, leading to inhibition of motion

27
Q

What is the overall outcome of the direct pathway?

A

activating the direct while inactivating the indirect allows motion

28
Q

What are the cortical areas associated with the production of voluntary motion?

A

primary motor cortex

supplementary motor cortex

pre-motor cortex

parietal motor cortex

29
Q

What is the specific action of the premotor cortex?

A

determines whether it’s okay to move

identifies the goal and the motion required to reach the goal

30
Q

What is the main function of the supplmentary motor cortex?

A

postural control

ID’s the motor sequence required

changes tactics when needed

31
Q

What is the specific function of the primary motor cortex?

A

codes the individual motions required to reach the goal

strongly activated by motions that bring the arms/hands to the face/body

32
Q

Reaching vs. Grasping

visual pathway required?

A

reaching: yes
grasping: yes

both use Dorsal Visual Pathway

33
Q

Reaching vs. Grasping

areas of parietal cortex required?

A

Reaching: yes, V6A, PEc, MIP, VIP

Grasping: AIP cortex, PFG

34
Q

reaching vs. grasping

creation of maps

A

reaching: yes
grasping: no

35
Q

reaching vs. grasping

map of space with object

A

reaching: VIP rough image, F4 detailed image
grasping: N/A

36
Q

reaching vs. grasping

map of body?

A

reaching: F2 (map or arm)
grasping: N/A

37
Q

reaching vs. grasping

awareness of goal

A

reaching: no
grasping: yes via F5

38
Q

reaching vs. grasping

encoding of motor act

A

reaching: no
grasping: no

39
Q

Vermis of Spinocerebellum

Function

Input

OUtput

A

F: postural controls

I: efferent copy, vestibular, hearing and auditory input

O: interpositus (G+E) and Fastigial

40
Q

Lateral Spinocerebellum

Function

Input

Output

A

F: ballistics (fast, automatic movements)

I: efferent copy, muscle afferent info

O: Interpositus (G+E)

41
Q

Cerebrocerebellum

Function

Input

Output

A

planning complex movements and learning

cerebral cortex related to motion

dentate N.

42
Q

Vestibulocerebellum
Function

Input

Output

A

future balance and eye movement s

vestibular

vestibular n. and others

Neuroendocrine Exam 2 (25 decks)

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