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Neuroendocrine Exam 2 > 01. Gross Brain (Dennis) > Flashcards

01. Gross Brain (Dennis) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum?

A

Receives afferents from the spinal cord and coordinates trunk and limb movements.

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2
Q

Where do the posterior rootlets enter the spinal cord?

Where do the anterior rootlets enter the spinal cord?

A

In the posterolateral sulcus.

In the anterolateral sulcus.

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3
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex housed?

A

In the precentral gyrus.

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4
Q

What levels’ motor neurons form the phrenic nucleus?

A

C3-5

(C3, 4, 5 keep the diaphragm alive.)

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5
Q

Where are the cell bodies for sensory axons?

A

In the dorsal root ganglia.

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

What structures perform the following functions?

Connect cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri

Connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere

Connect cortical areas within R/L hemispheres

Connect cortical areas within other body regions

A
  • Arcuate fibers: connect cortical areas within the same sulci/gyri
  • Longitudinal/association fasciculi: connect cortical areas within the same hemisphere
  • Commissural tracts: connect cortical areas within R/L hemispheres
  • Projection tracts: connect cortical areas within other body regions
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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What is Lissauer’s tract?

A

White matter located between the substantia gelatinosa and the surface of the spinal cord.

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10
Q

Other than the functions of the postcentral gyrus and inferior parietal lobule, what is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Spatial orientation and directing attention.

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11
Q

What is contained within white matter?

A

Axons, many covered with myelin.

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12
Q

Which lobe of the cerebellum is in charge of receiving afferents from the vestibular system, and is involved in controlling eye movements and postural adjustments?

A

The flocculonodular lobe

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13
Q

What are the transverse ridges of the cerebellum called?

A

Folia

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14
Q

What are the filum terminale?

A

Thin strands of pia mater that help anchor conus medullaris to the coccyx.

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15
Q

What is the circular sulcus?

A

The outer border of the insula.

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16
Q

What are lamina III through VI?

A

The body of the posterior horn.

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17
Q

What is the function of the inferior parietal lobule?

What lobe is it found in?

A

Involved in language comprehension

One hemisphere (usually left) of the parietal lobe.

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18
Q

What is the fasciculus cuneatus?

A

Fasciculus cuneatus (FC):

Bundle of axon fibers in
the posterior column - medial lemniscus
pathway of SC

Carries sensory
information from the
arms

Ascending tract relaying
information to
the brain via SC

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19
Q

What forms the sacral parasympathetic nucleus?

A

Cell bodies from S2 to S4 analogus to where the lateral horn would be (though there is not a fully formed lateral horn present in the sacrum).

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20
Q
A
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21
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A
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22
Q

What are the 5 other names for the white matter?

A

Fasciculus

Funiculus

Lemniscus

Peduncle

Tract

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23
Q

What is contained within gray matter?

A

Cell bodies and dendrites.

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24
Q

What is lamina I of the spinal cord gray matter?

A

A thin layer of gray matter covering the substantia gelatinosa.

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25
Q

What structures are contained within the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Subthalamus

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26
Q

What is lamina IX of the spinal cord gray matter?

A

Clusters of motor neurons embedded in the anterior horn.

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27
Q

What is the function of the posterior lobe of the cerebellum?

A

Receives afferents from the cerebrum via the pons.

Involved in coordination of voluntary movements.

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28
Q

Where is the primary visual cortex located?

A

In the walls of the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe.

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29
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe, other than the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

The occipital lobe - besides the primary visual cortex - is the visual association cortex.

30
Q

What is the substantia gelatinosa?

What kind of information is conveyed in the substantia gelatinosa?

A

The area of grey matter that caps the posterior horn.

Pain and temperature info.

31
Q

What is the primary funciton of the Thalamus?

A

Relay station for almost every
pathway carrying info to cerebral
cortex
• All sensory information (excluding
olfactory) stops in the thalamus
• Motor pathways btwn cerebellum
→ cerebral cortex or basal nuclei
→ cerebral cortex
• Limbic projections also traverse
the thalamus

32
Q

Where is Broca’s area found?

A

In one hemisphere (usually left) of the frontal lobe.

33
Q

What separates the lenticular nucleus from the thalamus and caudate nucleus?

A

The internal capsule

34
Q

In what spinal levels do we have an intermediolateral cell column?

A

T1 - L3

35
Q

What is the role of the superior surface of the temporal lobe?

A

It is the primary auditory cortex.

36
Q

What white matter tract contains axons after they’ve entered the posterolateral sulcus, but before they’ve reached the substantia gelatinosa?

A

Lissauer’s tract.

37
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area located?

What is its function?

A

Posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus on one hemisphere (usually left).

Important in the comprehension of language.

38
Q
A
39
Q
A
40
Q
A
41
Q

On which side does pain information ascend in the spinal cord; ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

Contralateral side.

42
Q

What is the general function of the cerebellum?

A

Functions in sensory information processing,
does influence motor neurons.

43
Q

Where do we find the insula?

A

Buried in the lateral sulcus.

44
Q

The limbic structures are primarily composed of what two gyri?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

Cingulate gyrus

45
Q

What is lamina II of the spinal cord gray matter?

A

The substantia gelatinosa.

46
Q

What is Lamina VII of the spinal cord gray matter?

A

Lamina VII corresponds to the intermediate gray
matter (including Clarke’s nucleus), but also includes
extensions into anterior horn.

47
Q

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

What lobe is it found in?

A

Postcentral gyrus corresponds to primary somatosensory cortex; controls w/
processing of tactile & proprioceptive information, sensory localization.

Parietal lobe.

48
Q

What is lamina VIII of the spinal cord gray matter?

A

Interneurons of the anterior horn.

49
Q

What is contained within the anterior horn?

A

Cell bodies of lower motor neurons supplying skeletal muscle.

50
Q

What are the three divisions of the basal nuclei?

A

Caudate nucleus

Lenticular nucleus

(made of the putamen and globus pallidus)

51
Q

Where is the amygdala found?

A

Beneath the uncus of the temporal lobe.

52
Q

What are the putamen and globus pallidus?

A

They are the subdivisions of the lenticular nucleus.

53
Q

What is the general funciton of the limbic lobe?

A

The limbic lobe is important in emotional
responses, drive-related behavior, & memory

54
Q

What is lamina X of the spinal cord gray matter?

A

The zone of gray matter surrounding the central canal.

55
Q

Where is Clarke’s nucleus found?

A

The intermediate gray matter from levels T1 to L2 — specifically lamina VII.

Does Posture and Sensory info

56
Q

What is the role of the inferior surface of the temporal lobe?

A

Higher order processing of visual information.

57
Q

What are the consequences of cerebellar damage?

A

Cerebellar damage results in abnormalities of
equilibrium, postural control, & coordination of
voluntary movements

58
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex?

What is its role?

A

Occupies all of the frontal lobe which is not Broca’s area.

Executive functions, personality, decision
making, insight, & foresight

59
Q

What do we call a ridge of cortical tissue?

What do we call a groove of brain tissue?

What do we call a deep groove of cortical tissue?

A

Ridge = gyrus

Groove = sulcus

Fissure = deep sulcus

60
Q

What is the fasciculus gracillis?

A

Fasciculus gracilis (FG):

Bundle of axon fibers in
the posterior column - medial lemniscus
pathway of SC

Carries sensory
information from the
middle thoracic & lower
limbs of the body

Ascending tract relaying
information to the brain via
SC

61
Q

Describe the Internal Capsule and an example of a lesion

A

White matter structure divided into limbs each containing specific fiber groups

  • Anterior Limb
  • Genu
  • posterior limb
  • sublenticular limb
  • retrolenticular limb

Lesion of Genu-does motor to face-would present with facial palsy

62
Q

Nucleus: Marginal Zone

Levels:

Lamina:

Function:

A

All

I

some spinothalamic tract cells

63
Q

Nucleus: Substantia Gelatinosa

Levels:

Lamina:

Function:

A

All

II

modulate transmission of pain and temp.

64
Q

Nucleus: Body of Posteior Horn

Levels:

Lamina:

Function:

A

All

III-VI

sensory processing

65
Q

Nucleus: Clarke’s Nucleus

Levels:

Lamina:

Funcition:

A

T1-L2

VII

Posterior spinocerebellar tract cells

66
Q

Nucleus: Intermediolateral column

levels:

lamina:

funciton:

A

T1-L3

VII

preganlionic sympathetic neurons

67
Q

Nucleus: Sacral parasympathetic nucleus

levels:

lamina:

function:

A

S2-4

VII

preganglionic parsympathetic nuerons to pelvic viscera

68
Q

Neurons: Accssory nucleus

levels:

lamina:

funciton:

A

Medulla-C5

IX

motor neurons to SCM and trap

69
Q

Nucleus: Phrenic Nucleus

levels:

lamina:

function:

A

C3-5

IX

motor neurons to diaphragm

70
Q

Broca’s Area

A

opercular and triagnular parts of inferior frontal gyrus on left hemisphere

motor parts of writing and speaking

71
Q

What does the anterior commisure tract connect?

A

temporal lobes and anterior olfactory nuclei

72
Q

What does the posterior commiusure tract do?

A

located in cerebral aquaduct and important in bilateral pupil reflex

Neuroendocrine Exam 2 (25 decks)

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