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ANSC 424 > 9 Aldosterone > Flashcards

9 Aldosterone Flashcards

1
Q

main direct effects of aldosterone?

A
  • recovery of sodium in the kidney and enhanced potassium secretion into the urine
  • regulates blood volume
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2
Q

what 3 physical attributes of plasma can be regulated to affect the homeostasis of the blood system?

A
  • volume
  • blood pressure
  • osmolarity
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3
Q

what comes first: thirst of sodium appetite?

A

thirst

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4
Q

what kind of cells control the ability of blood vessels to constrict/dilate?

A

smooth muscles around the vessels

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5
Q

what hormones control how much aldosterone is in the system?

A
  • renin

- angiotensin

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6
Q

where is renin produced?

A

kidney

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7
Q

what is angiotensinogen?

A

produced by the liver; it’s the inactive form of angiotensin I; activated by interacting with renin

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8
Q

how is angiotensin I converted angiotensin II?

A

enzyme from the lungs called ACE acts on angiotensin I

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9
Q

relationship between angiotensin II and aldosterone?

A

angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone secretion

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10
Q

true or false ACTH has tight regulator function with regard to aldosterone

A

false - it’s a modest effect

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11
Q

effect of angiotensin II?

A
  • increases Na absorption and K excretion

- water retention, higher blood pressure

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12
Q

what’s the speculated use of angiotensin II in the brain?

A

functions as a local regulator playing a role in thirst behavior

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13
Q

what cells recognize Na levels in the kidney tubule?

A

Macula densa

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14
Q

from angiotensin II, how is it degraded?

A

converted to angiotensin II by aminopeptidase and then converted to degradation products

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15
Q

when macula densa cells recognize lower sodium concentration, this does what pertaining to the release of renin?

A

upregulates

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16
Q

immediate effects of angiotensin II?

A
  • acts directly on the blood vessels inducing vasoconstriction
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17
Q

slow angiotensin II effects?

A

affects sodium reabsorption

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18
Q

longer term angiotensin II effects?

A

regulation of wall tension

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19
Q

how does aldosterone function?

A

gene expression

sodium is reabsorbed, potassium is being pushed out, water follows it back in (slide 11)

20
Q

what channels are on the luminal side?

A
  • Sodium ENaC channels - these are the ones affected by aldosterone
  • aquaporins (slide 10)
21
Q

what channels are on the basal side?

A

Sodium K-ATPase - this one balances the effect of aldosterone onto the ENaC (slide 10)

22
Q

where does aldosterone mainly work?

A

distal tubules & collecting ducts of the kidney

23
Q

what happens when you have too much aldosterone?

A

Conn’s syndrome - increases blood pressure (excess sodium retention)
- serum alkalosis and neuropathy (excess K+ and H + excretion)

24
Q

what causes Conn’s syndrome

A

either adrenal hyperplasia or tumors

25
Q

where are natriuretic peptides secreted?

A

cardiac muscle

26
Q

what do natriuretic peptides do?

A

control sodium release by kidney; reduce blood volume and pressure

27
Q

what other hormone(s) can the adrenal cortex make?

A

sex steroids

28
Q

what is adrenarche?

A

earlier than usual maturation of adrenal glands as a result of sex steroid syntehsis

29
Q

expand CAH

A

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

30
Q

what is CAH?

A
  • excessive androgen production

- masculinization of genitalia

31
Q

go look at slide 16

A

:)

32
Q

what happens with a CAH female

A
  • ovary forms because of absence of Y chromosome
  • large adrenal glands produces sex hormones that can lead to DHT which can lead to the masculinization of external genitalia
33
Q

what happens when you have a deficiency in 21 hydroxylase enzyme?

A
  • low cortisol (less negative effect on pituitary, less ACTH produced)
  • low aldosterone
  • more tropic signals coming to the adrenal gland
34
Q

how is CAH treated?

A

surgery at birth

35
Q

which nervous system is the adrenal medulla involved in?

A

sympathetic

36
Q

what response does the adrenal medulla elicit?

A

fight/flight; increases blood pressure and cardiac output, dilate pupils

37
Q

what catecholamines are produced in the adrenal medulla?

A
  • norepinephrine

- epinephrine

38
Q

what pathways inactivate norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

Comt and Mao

39
Q

what are met-enkephalin and leu-enkephalin?

A

related to endorphins; associated with runner’s high

40
Q

acute fight/flight response?

A

integrates lots of organ systems to efficiently provide response

41
Q

what organ systems get “neglected” during the fight or flight response?

A

skin, GI

42
Q

function of epinephrine/norepinephrine?

A
  • increase muscle glycogenolysis
  • increase glucose levels in the brain
  • reduces insulin concentration, which reduces uptake by other cells except the brain
  • increases cardiac output
  • increases blood pressure/blood flow
43
Q

what kind of receptors are the adrenergic receptors?

A

GPCRs

44
Q

what is salbutamol?

A

B2 inhibitor; used to treat asthmatic symptoms

45
Q

difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

epi - more robust in terms of cardiac stimulation and metabolic effects

nor - more robust in blood vessel constriction

46
Q

true or false: anything that affects the adrenal cortex can also affect the adrenal medulla

A

yeah, because cortisol has an effect on catecholamines as well

47
Q

what happens when you have hyper-secretions of catecholamines?

A 
- caused by tumors
causes general symptoms
- headache
- hypertension
- sweating
- palpitations
- chest pain
- anxiety 
- glucose intolerance
- increased metabolic rate
(similar effects to anxiety)

ANSC 424 (12 decks)

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