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ANSC 424 > 6 HP Axis pt. 3 > Flashcards

6 HP Axis pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what’s prolactin?

A

peptide hormone; promotes lactation; produced in the pituitary

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2
Q

what hormones are essential for the initiation and maintenance of milk secretion?

A

PRL, cortisol

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3
Q

which one has more producing cells: GH or PRL?

A

GH

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4
Q

what happens to milk production when you do a hypophysectomy?

A

immediate cessation of milk production

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5
Q

what happens to milk production when you do an adrenalectomy?

A

gradual reduction in milk production

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6
Q

what needs to happen for milk production to happen?

A

decrease in estrogen and progesterone, which happens after giving birth

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7
Q

what is perhaps the biggest regulator of PRL?

A

dopamine

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8
Q

how many genes does the prolactin locus have

A

1

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9
Q

what kind of receptor engages prolactin?

A

membrane; recruited

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10
Q

where are prolactin receptors mainly?

A

mammary glands, but they’re also kidna everywhere

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11
Q

which hormone is responsible for the synthesis and secretion of milk from alveolar epithelial cells?

A

prolactin

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12
Q

which hormone is responsible for the ejection of milk?

A

oxytocin

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13
Q

true or false: PRL is required for the development of the mammary gland

A

false

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14
Q

what hormones play a role in duct development in the breast?

A

estrogen, GH, adrenal steroids

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15
Q

what hormones play a role in alveolar growth?

A

estrogen, progesterone, adrenal steroids, PRL

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16
Q

increased levels of PRL (increases/decreases) gonadotropin in males and females

A

decreases

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17
Q

(high/low) levels of PRL associated with breastfeeding can lead to lactational amenorrhea

A

high

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18
Q

what’s lactational amenorrhea?

A

when you’re breastfeeding you don’t have periods

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19
Q

what’s a mitogen?

A

small peptide/protein that induces cell division

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20
Q

what’s PRL’s significance in immunomodulation?

A

acts as a mitogen; acts on B and T cells and macrophages

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21
Q

what’s the large precursor molecule of ACTH called?

A

POMC –> N-POC —> ACTH

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22
Q

what enzyme cleaves POMC

A

prohormone convertase 1 (PC1)

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23
Q

what hormone is related to ACTH since it’s also derived from POMC?

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

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24
Q

what does MSH do?

A
  • involved with darkening of skin by stimulating melanocytes to produce melanin to ultimately reduce UV damage
  • has morphine-like activity
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25
Q

where does ACTH bind?

A

receptors in adrenal gland

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26
Q

what does ACTH signaling do to cholesterol?

A

enhances mobilization of cholesterol from storage; increased conversion to pregnenolone

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27
Q

what G protein does ACTH activate?

A

Gsa

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28
Q

what hormone controls ACTH secretion?

A

CRH

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29
Q

expand CRH

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

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30
Q

what affects CRH levels? when is it lowest?

A

circadian rhythm, stress; midnight

31
Q

expand ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

32
Q

an increase in ACTH will do what to cortisol levels?

A

promote

33
Q

an increase in cortisol levels will do what?

A

decrease hypothalamic and pituitary response, thereby downregulating CRH and ACTH

34
Q

expand TSH

A

thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone)

35
Q

what kind of cells release TSH?

A

thyrotrophs

36
Q

what does TSH do?

A
  • regulates thyroid gland using G proteins
  • controls formation of thyroid hormones
  • stimulates metabolism of thyroid follicular cells
37
Q

what kinds of cells release LH and FSH?

A

gonadotrophs

38
Q

functions of FSH?

A

females: development of ovarian follicles and estradiol secretion
males: spermatogenesis, production of sex-hormone binding globulin
both: secretion of inhibin (negative feedback on FSH)

39
Q

functions of LH?

A

females: steroidogenesis in follicles, induction of ovulation, maintenance of steroidogenesis by the corpus luteum
males: stimulation of testosterone production on Leydig cells

40
Q

true or false: LH and FSH secretion is pulsatile

A

true

41
Q

true or false: in males, inhibin has no effect on LH

A

true

42
Q

what is the feedback effects of testosterone?

A 
hypothalamus: 
pituitary:
LH:
FSH:
they're all negative
43
Q

which stimulates follicular cells and which stimulates luteal cells?

A

follicular: FSH
luteal: LH

44
Q

effect of LH and FSH on pituitary and hypothalamic levels?

A

mainly negative

45
Q

where is inhibin produced?

A

sertoli cells in testes and in the ovaries

46
Q

true or false: inhibin has no effect on LH secretion in females

A

true

47
Q

what is the main cause of disorders of the anterior pituitary?

A

benign tumors (adenomas)

48
Q

adenomas are (simple/difficult) to diagnose

A

difficult - symptoms are pretty generic and they accumulate

49
Q

can pituitary adenomas serve function?

A

yes, especially at younger ages. older patients typically have non-functional tumors

50
Q

what causes adenomas?

A

hypofunction, hyperfunction, or mass effect

51
Q

why is it that some adenomas cause visual field defects?

A

they impinge on optic chiasm or can extend into the cavernous sinuses

52
Q

what happens when you have a GH deficiency?

A

decreased: muscle strength, exercise tolerance, diminished libido
increased: body fat

53
Q

what happens when you have a gonadotropin deficiency?

A
  • oligo/amenorrhea
  • diminished libido
  • infertility
  • hot flashes
  • impotence
54
Q

what happens when you have an ACTH deficiency?

A

malaise, fatigue, anorexia, hypoglycemia

55
Q

what happens when you have TSH deficiency?

A

malaise, leg cramps, fatigue, dry skin, cold intolerance

56
Q

hypopituitarism leads to what?

A

deficiencies in hormones like GH, gonadotropin, ACTH, and TSH

57
Q

how are adenomas treated?

A

surgery through the nose :/

58
Q

over secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary most often include which hormones?

A

PRL, GH, ACTH

59
Q

what causes adenomas that over secrete in the anterior pituitary?

A
  • de novo

- lack of feedback control

60
Q

prolactinoma is usually a result of (over/under) secretion of hormones in the anterior pituitary

A

over

61
Q

what can prolactinoma lead to?

A

oligo/amenorrhea, galactorrhea, infertility, decreased libido, headaches, visual field defects

62
Q

what happens when you have an over-secretion of GH from adenomas?

A
  • gigantism/acromegaly

- elevated IGFs

63
Q

expand IGF

A

insulin-like growth factor

64
Q

how are adenomas being diagnosed?

A

MRI imaging

65
Q

how do you diagnose GH deficiency?

A

insulin tolerance test, GHRH/arginine test, IGF-1 levels

66
Q

how do you diagnose gonadotropin deficiency?

A

sexual history, menstrual history, FSH/LH/estradiol/prolactin/testosterone levels

67
Q

how do you diagnose ACTH deficiency

A

AM cortisol, cosyntropin test, insulin tolerance test

68
Q

how do you diagnose TSH deficiency?

A

T4 and TSH levels

69
Q

how do you diagnose prolactinoma

A

PRL level, drug history, clinical setting

70
Q

how do you diagnose acromegaly?

A

IGF-1 level, oral glucose tolerance test

71
Q

how do you diagnose TSH overproduction?

A

free T4, T3, TSH levels

72
Q

how do you treat prolactinoma?

A

dopamine agonist therapy with bromocriptine to inhibit PRL secretion

73
Q

how do you treat acromegaly?

A

somatostatin analogs

74
Q

how do you treat deficiency states?

A

replacement of indicated hormone

ANSC 424 (12 decks)

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