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ANSC 424 > 5 HP Axis pt. 2 > Flashcards

5 HP Axis pt. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

true or false: TSH is expressed in one unique type of specialized cell

A

false, it’s released by different cells

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2
Q

GH and PRL are _____

A

co expressed

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3
Q

where is the largest portion of endocrine cells located?

A

anterior pituitary

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4
Q

where is GH stored?

A

in granules

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5
Q

define somatotroph

A

cells in the pituitary that produce GH (GH is also called somatotropin)

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6
Q

GH is what kind of hormone? lipid or peptide?

A

peptide

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7
Q

what genes are part of GH’s locus?

A

hGH-N, hCS (with A, B, V, and L isoforms),

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8
Q

what hCS hormone is expressed by the placenta during midgestation?

A

hCS-V

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9
Q

what are the 2 isoforms of GH?

A

22 kDA & 20 kDA

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10
Q

what’s the difference between the 2 isoforms of GH?

A

there’s not a stark difference but there appears to be a difference in glycosylation and bioactivity. the larger isoform appears to be the predominant one.

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11
Q

what is an application of GH?

A

treatment of dwarfism

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12
Q

how is GH isolated?

A

recombinant GH is produced in a bacterial system.

it used to be extracted from 60,000 dead bodies, which was a problem because of prions :0

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13
Q

expand GHRH

A

growth hormone releasing hormone

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14
Q

what hormones does the hypothalamus release to regulate GH?

A

GHRH and somatostatin (SRIF)

GHRH is the stimulatory factor
SRIF is an inhibitory factor

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15
Q

what favors the production of SRIF?

A

look at slide 15

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16
Q

do males or females have a greater response to GHRH?

A

females

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17
Q

SRIF (induces/inhibits) GH secretion

A

inhibits

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18
Q

does SRIF regulate GH production?

A

no

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19
Q

in what life stage is GH levels the highest?

A

fetus

20
Q

does a child or an adolescent have more GH levels?

A

adolescent

21
Q

how is an increase in GH level achieved? (frequency or amplitude?)

A

by increasing the amplitude (volume being released), not frequency

22
Q

expand GHBP

A

Growth Hormone Binding Protein

23
Q

GH circulates as a (free/bound) hormone

A

bound (to GHBP)

24
Q

true or false: growth hormone receptors have autophosphorylation proteins

A

false

25
Q

expand SOCS

A

suppressor of cytokine signaling

26
Q

what does SOCS do to GHR?

A

inhibits GH

27
Q

what happens when there’s no SOCS?

A

nothing stops the body from continuing to grow

28
Q

what is the direct effect of GH?

A

GH targets cells and directly causes a response (proliferate or differentiate)

29
Q

what is the indirect effect of GH?

A

target cells to encourage production of IGF-1 then promotes proliferation or differentiation

30
Q

when is IGF-1’s effects prominent

A

childhood and adolescence, not so much during the fetal stage

31
Q

when does longitudinal growth of bones cease?

A

when concentration of GH decreases. this causes a fusion of the epiphyses

32
Q

is GH present in adults?

A

yeah

33
Q

list some functions of GH in adults (6)

A
  • optimizes body composition, physical functions (strength/height), and substrate metabolism
  • regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism
  • enhances lipolysis and FA oxidation (application in fasting)
  • reduces urea synthesis and excretion (spares proteins)
  • inhibits insulin stimulated glucose uptake
  • induces insulin secretion
34
Q

GH seems to have contradictory effect on glucose metabolism. what’s the point?

A

it depends on context. GH will do what it needs to accordingly

35
Q

expand IGF

A

insulin-like growth factor

36
Q

does GH effect IGF 1 or 2? or both?

A

only 1.

37
Q

all cells produce IGF but don’t release into the bloodstream. this classifies them as _____

A

paracrine

38
Q

where is IGF-I produced?

A

liver and body tissues. only liver is endocrine.

39
Q

role of IGF-II?

A

fetal development

40
Q

why are IGFs called that?

A

they have similar amino acid sequencing to insulin

41
Q

how do cells locally regulate IGF-I?

A

binding protein and binding protein proteases. this determines how much IGF is bioavailable.

the more proteases the more free IGF-I available

42
Q

what’s the main difference between GH and IGF-I receptors?

A

IGF has autophosphorylation capability

43
Q

how is GH release regulated? (5)

A
  • balance between GHRH and SRIF
  • feedback by IGF-I on pituitary and hypothalamus
  • negative feedback by GH
  • nervous system (stress, sleep)
  • metabolites (low glucose stimulates, high glucose inhibits)
44
Q

as you age, GH concentration (increases/decreases)

A

decreases

45
Q

exercise (stimulates/inhibits) GH

A

stimulates

46
Q

psychological stress has a (positive/negative) effect on GH

A

negative

ANSC 424 (12 decks)

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