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ANSC 424 > 3 Hormone Action pt 2 > Flashcards

3 Hormone Action pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what makes non-classical peptide hormones non-classical?

A

they’re not secreted directly into circulation; most likely secreted by various cells rather than a particular endocrine organ

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2
Q

what are examples of non-classical peptide hormones?

A

adipokines (like leptin)

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3
Q

list the types of non-classical hormones (4)

A
  • peptide hormones
  • amino acid derivatives
  • lipid hormones
  • metabolites
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4
Q

what are examples of non-classical amino acid derived hormones?

A

neurotransmitters: melatonin, serotonin, histamine

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5
Q

what makes non-classical lipid hormones non-classical?

A

they have membrane receptors instead of nuclear ones

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6
Q

what are examples of non-classical lipid hormones?

A

eicosanoids

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7
Q

what are some examples of non-classical metabolites that act as hormones?

A

lactate, ketone bodies

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8
Q

what can happen when there’s a mutation of a receptor’s gene sequences?

A

disorders/disease

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9
Q

what kind of receptors do steroid and thyroid hormones bind to?

A

nuclear receptors

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10
Q

where are the receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones located?

A

intracellularly in the cytoplasm or nucleus

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11
Q

how do the receptors of steroid and thyroid hormones work?

A

they act as transcription factors; must be able to read/bind to DNA and recognize certain sequences of nucleotides.

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12
Q

response of nuclear receptors is (fast/slow) compared to ligand binding receptors. why?

A

slow; transcription and translation of proteins is necessary

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13
Q

true or false: there are nuclear receptors capable of binding metabolites

A

true

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14
Q

what are the receptors called that can bind fatty acids?

A

PPARs; they have alpha, beta, and gamma isoforms.

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15
Q

ligands of nuclear receptors are _____ soluble

A

lipid

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16
Q

why is it easier to make synthetic ligands for NRs? implications?

A

all ligands for NRs are lipid soluble and small, making it easy for them to diffuse through cell membranes.

shows huge potential in medicine for treating cancers

17
Q

how do NRs contribute to metabolism when bound to metabolites?

A

the NRs can act as metabolite sensors that lead to transcription and translation

18
Q

what mechanisms are available that can regulate ligand levels?

A
  • precursor
  • synthesis
  • secretion
  • activation (receptor function)
  • deactivation
  • elimination
19
Q

what happens when a NR ligand isn’t hydrophobic enough to diffuse through the nuclear membrane?

A

requires a carrier protein that will separate once inside

20
Q

what’s an example of a NR ligand that needs the help of carrier proteins?

A

bile acids

21
Q

what happens once the ligand binds to a NR receptor?

A

receptor becomes active and starts modulating transcription of target genes to mRNA to translate into proteins

22
Q

true or false: every domain of different nuclear receptors are unique to their receptor

A

false - all nuclear receptors have domains in common

23
Q

what significant domains to NRs have in common?

A
  • DNA-binding (DBD)
  • Nuclear localization signal (NLS)
  • Ligand Binding domain (LBD)
24
Q

what sequence do steroid receptors usually bind to?

A

AGAACA

25
Q

what sequence do non-steroid receptors

A

AGGTCA

26
Q

nuclear receptors function as _____

A

dimers (1 hormone binds to 2 receptors)

27
Q

steroid NRs function as _____ dimers

A

homo

28
Q

non-steroid NR function as _____ dimers

A

hetero

29
Q

the short sequences of nucleotides that are recognized by NRs are called

A

hormone response elements

30
Q

what method can be used to identify where hormone response elements are located?

A

chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing

31
Q

describe ChiP sequencing

A

we have our genome and our protein of interest (POI) which is our NR

1) we make chromatin (DNA + NR) by fixing with formaldehyde
2) shear chromatin with a physical technique (like sonication)
3) use antibody attached to magnetic beads that recognize POI
4) use steel to attract magnets and pull down POI
5) destroy the POI with a protease to keep DNA intact
6) stick it in a sequencer

32
Q

what are co-repressors?

A

interact with DNA binding proteins (histones) to ultimately repress/stop/slow down transcription when they aren’t active

33
Q

what is one of the main modifications done to histones that represses gene expression?

A

deacetylation

34
Q

what are coactivators?

A

work with NR and are activators of transcription factors by allowing the transcription factor complex to associate

ANSC 424 (12 decks)

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