9 Flashcards
Define Neoplasm
Abn cell growth that persists after initial stim removed
Define dysplasia
Abn cell maturation
Pre-camcerous
Reversible
Define tumour
Clinically detectable lump / swelling
Define cancer
Malignant neoplasm
Define metastasis
Malignant neoplasm spread from original site
Define anaplasia
Cells w no resemblance to any tissue
Define pleomorphism
Variation in size / shape
What’s the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms?
Malignant has more pleomorphism
Malignant has loss of tissue specialisation (poor differentiation)
Benign has a low mitotic count, Malignant can have low or high
What is the suffix of benign neoplasms?
-oma
What’s the difference between in-situ and invasive carcinoma?
In-situ: X invasion of epithelial BM
Invasive: Invasion of epithelial BM
Define monoclonal
Cell collection all originate from single founding cell
Define adenoma
Benign
Tumour formed from glandular tissue in epith tissue
Define papilloma
Benign
Wartlike on skin / mucous memb from epidermis
Define benign mesenchymal tumour
Benign
2+ different mesenchymal components + fibrous tissue
Define carcinoid tumour
Benign
Neuroendocrine tumour beginning in digestive tract
Define nephroblastoma
Benign / Malignant
Child kidney cancer
Define carcinoma
Malignant
Cancer that starts in skin / tissue lining organs
Define sarcoma
Malignant
CT / non-epithelial tissue tumour
Define glioma
Malignant
Glial tissue of NS tumour
Define lymphoma
Benign / Malignant
Lymph nodes cancer
Define germ cell tumour
Malignant Gonads (ovary / testes) tumour
Define leukaemia
Malignant
Bone marrow prod more immature leucocytes ➡️ reduced normal RBC ➡️ anaemia
Define myeloma
Malignant
Bone marrow tumour
Define invasion
Cell ability to invade BM and spread
What are the 3 mechanisms facilitating Invasion & Metastasis?
- Altered Cell Adhesion
- Altered Enzyme Synth & Interaction
- Angiogenesis
Describe Altered Cell Adhesion
Cell-Cell Interactions: Reduce expression of cadherins (bind cells together) ➡️ cells more apart
Cell-Stroma Interactions: Reduced expression of integrins in malignant cells ➡️ more movement
Describe Altered Enzyme Synth & Interaction
Metastatic cells synth + release Matrix Metalloproteinases (MM)
Allows them to digest ECM & BM
Describe Angiogenesis in Invasion & Metastasis
@ tumour size 1-2mm cubed ➡️ growth halted bc no oxygen
Hypoxic environment ➡️ more pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF)
New blood vessels made ➡️ tumour grows and enters blood stream
What are the 3 Metastasis Routes
- Blood vessels via cap n venules
- Lymphatic vessels (main route for carcinoma)
- Transcoelomic spread (body cavity fluid e.g. pleura/ peritoneal/ pericardial)
What are the local effects of a benign neoplasm?
Compression
Obstruction
Ulceration
What are the local effects of a malignant neoplasm?
Constriction
Obstruction
Ulceration
Infiltration
What are the 4 systemic effects of neoplasms?
- Haematological (anaemia / reduced WBC n platelets / thrombosis)
- Endocrine (increase hormone secretion)
- Skin (increased pigmentation / pruritis (itching) / herpes / dermatomyositis)
- Neuromuscular (X balance / myopathy (X function muscle fibres) )
