9

Question 1

Define Neoplasm

Answer 1

Abn cell growth that persists after initial stim removed

Question 2

Define dysplasia

Answer 2

Abn cell maturation
Pre-camcerous
Reversible

Question 3

Define tumour

Answer 3

Clinically detectable lump / swelling

Question 4

Define cancer

Answer 4

Malignant neoplasm

Question 5

Define metastasis

Answer 5

Malignant neoplasm spread from original site

Question 6

Define anaplasia

Answer 6

Cells w no resemblance to any tissue

Question 7

Define pleomorphism

Answer 7

Variation in size / shape

Question 8

What’s the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms?

Answer 8

Malignant has more pleomorphism
Malignant has loss of tissue specialisation (poor differentiation)
Benign has a low mitotic count, Malignant can have low or high

Question 9

What is the suffix of benign neoplasms?

Answer 9

-oma

Question 10

What’s the difference between in-situ and invasive carcinoma?

Answer 10

In-situ: X invasion of epithelial BM

Invasive: Invasion of epithelial BM

Question 11

Define monoclonal

Answer 11

Cell collection all originate from single founding cell

Question 12

Define adenoma

Answer 12

Benign

Tumour formed from glandular tissue in epith tissue

Question 13

Define papilloma

Answer 13

Benign

Wartlike on skin / mucous memb from epidermis

Question 14

Define benign mesenchymal tumour

Answer 14

Benign

2+ different mesenchymal components + fibrous tissue

Question 15

Define carcinoid tumour

Answer 15

Benign

Neuroendocrine tumour beginning in digestive tract

Question 16

Define nephroblastoma

Answer 16

Benign / Malignant

Child kidney cancer

Question 17

Define carcinoma

Answer 17

Malignant

Cancer that starts in skin / tissue lining organs

Question 18

Define sarcoma

Answer 18

Malignant

CT / non-epithelial tissue tumour

Question 19

Define glioma

Answer 19

Malignant

Glial tissue of NS tumour

Question 20

Define lymphoma

Answer 20

Benign / Malignant

Lymph nodes cancer

Question 21

Define germ cell tumour

Answer 21

Malignant
Gonads (ovary / testes) tumour

Question 22

Define leukaemia

Answer 22

Malignant

Bone marrow prod more immature leucocytes ➡️ reduced normal RBC ➡️ anaemia

Question 23

Define myeloma

Answer 23

Malignant

Bone marrow tumour

Question 24

Define invasion

Answer 24

Cell ability to invade BM and spread

Question 25

What are the 3 mechanisms facilitating Invasion & Metastasis?

Answer 25

1. Altered Cell Adhesion
2. Altered Enzyme Synth & Interaction
3. Angiogenesis

Question 26

Describe Altered Cell Adhesion

Answer 26

Cell-Cell Interactions: Reduce expression of cadherins (bind cells together) ➡️ cells more apart

Cell-Stroma Interactions: Reduced expression of integrins in malignant cells ➡️ more movement

Question 27

Describe Altered Enzyme Synth & Interaction

Answer 27

Metastatic cells synth + release Matrix Metalloproteinases (MM)
Allows them to digest ECM & BM

Question 28

Describe Angiogenesis in Invasion & Metastasis

Answer 28

@ tumour size 1-2mm cubed ➡️ growth halted bc no oxygen
Hypoxic environment ➡️ more pro-angiogenic factors (VEGF)
New blood vessels made ➡️ tumour grows and enters blood stream

Question 29

What are the 3 Metastasis Routes

Answer 29

1. Blood vessels via cap n venules
2. Lymphatic vessels (main route for carcinoma)
3. Transcoelomic spread (body cavity fluid e.g. pleura/ peritoneal/ pericardial)

Question 30

What are the local effects of a benign neoplasm?

Answer 30

Compression
Obstruction
Ulceration

Question 31

What are the local effects of a malignant neoplasm?

Answer 31

Constriction
Obstruction
Ulceration
Infiltration

Question 32

What are the 4 systemic effects of neoplasms?

Answer 32

1. Haematological (anaemia / reduced WBC n platelets / thrombosis)
2. Endocrine (increase hormone secretion)
3. Skin (increased pigmentation / pruritis (itching) / herpes / dermatomyositis)
4. Neuromuscular (X balance / myopathy (X function muscle fibres) )