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MOD > 5 > Flashcards

5 Flashcards

1
Q

Define haemostasis

A

Bodys response to stop bleeding and blood loss

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2
Q

What are the 3 factors of haemostasis?

A
  1. Blood vessels
  2. Platelets
  3. Coagulation
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3
Q

What is the role of blood vessels in haemostasis?

A

Constrict to reduce blood loss

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4
Q

What is the role of platelets in haemostasis?

A

Adhere to damaged vessels and each other

Form platelet plug

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5
Q

Draw out the clotting cascade

A 
Instrinsic 11 - 9 - 10
Extrinsic 3 - 7 -10
Prothrombin - (10) - Thrombin
Fibrinogen - (Thrombin) - Fibrin
8 - (Thrombin) - 8 activated --> cross link fibrin
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6
Q

Which factors is thrombin a +ve feedback for?

A

5, 8, 11

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7
Q

What are 4 thrombin inhibitors?

A
  1. Antithrombin III
  2. Apha1-antitrypsin
  3. Alpha2-macroglobin
  4. Protein C/S
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8
Q

What is fibrinolysis?

A

Fibrin breakdown by plasmin

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9
Q

How is plasmin formed?

A

Plasminogen - (Streptokinase) - Plasmin

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10
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

Formation of a solid mass of blood within circ system

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11
Q

What is Virchows Triad?

A

Factors that contribute to thrombosis

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12
Q

Name the 3 factors in Virchows Triad

A
  1. Change in blood flow (turbulence)
  2. Change in blood components
  3. Change in vessel wall (atheroma)
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13
Q

What are the effects of thrombosis on arteries?

A
  1. Ischaemia

2. Infarction

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14
Q

What are the effects of thrombosis on veins?

A
  1. Ischaemia
  2. Infarction
  3. Congestion
  4. Oedema
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15
Q

What are the 5 outcomes of thrombosis?

A
  1. Lysis (thrombus broken down by fibrinolytic system, blood flow reestablished)
  2. Propagation (thrombus spreads)
  3. Organisation (Repair process w. fibroblasts n cap)
  4. Recanalisation (blood flow reestablished)
  5. Embolism
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16
Q

What is an embolism?

A

Blockage of blood vessel by solid/liquid/gas @ site distant from origin

17
Q

What are the 4 regions of thromboembolisms?

A
  1. From systemic veins –> gets stuck in lung vessels
  2. From atheromatous carotid art –> brain (stroke)
  3. From atheromatous abd aorta –> leg arteries
  4. DVT
18
Q

What are the causes of DVT?

A

Pregnant women chugging OC abt to board a plane

19
Q

What are the treatments for DVT?

A
  1. IV Heparin (anticoag) (cofactor for antithrombin III)

2. Oral Warfarin (slow) (x vit K dependent clotting factor synth)

20
Q

What is a Massive Pulm Embolism?

A

60% reduce in blood flow

Rapidly fatal

21
Q

What is a Major Pulm Embolism?

A

Medium sized vessels blocked

SOB / cough / bloody sputum

22
Q

What is a Minor Pulm Embolism?

A

Small peripheral pulm arteries blocked

23
Q

What can recurrent Pulm Embolisms cause?

A

Pulm hypertension

24
Q

What is DIC?

A

Disseminated IV Coag
Inapprop activation of clotting cascade –> uses up clotting factors
When you acc need clotting factors you dont have so you bleed

25
Q

What triggers DIC?

A

Infection
Trauma
Liver disease
Obstetric complication

26
Q

What is the inheritance pattern for haemophilia?

A 
X linked (more in boys)
Nonsense mutation
27
Q

What is Type A Haemophilia?

A

Factor 8 Defic

28
Q

What is Type B Haemophilia?

A

Factor 4 Defic

29
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

Inability to clot, so you bleed out or into joints / brain

30
Q

What happens if a muscle bleed in haemophilia?

A

Nerve necrosis

31
Q

What is the treatment for haemophilia?

A

Factor replacement therpy

32
Q

What is the name for low platelet count?

A

Thrombocytopenia

33
Q

What are the 3 causes of thrombocytopenia?

A
  1. Platelet prod failure
  2. Platelet destruction
  3. Platelet sequestering (removal)
34
Q

What can accompany thrombocytopenia?

A

Bone marrow malfunctions e.g leukaemia

35
Q

What is thrombophilia?

A

Hypercoag –> increased risk of thrombosis

MOD (9 decks)

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