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AP Lab WInter > 9 > Flashcards

9 Flashcards

1
Q

how many named bones are there

A

206

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2
Q

what 2 groups are the bones divided into

A

appendicular and axial

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3
Q

what bones make up the axial system?

A

skull, vertebrae, thoracic cage

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4
Q

what bones make up the appendicular system?

A

upper and lower limbs, girdle forming bones

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5
Q

what are the 5 main bone shape types

A

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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6
Q

why are long bones slightly curved

A

for strength so that the stress of body’s weight is evenly distributed along several points

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7
Q

describe the characteristics of long bones

A

longer than they are wide
slightly curved
compact bone lines the diaphysis
spongy bone at ends

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8
Q

describe the characteristics of short bones

A

roughly cube shaped

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9
Q

where are short bones?

A

wrist and ankle

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10
Q

describe the characteristics of flat bones

A

thin, flattened, usually curved

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11
Q

where are flat bones?

A

sternum, scapulae, ribs, skull bones

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12
Q

describe the characteristics of irregular bones

A

irregularly shaped

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13
Q

where are irregular bones

A

vertebrae and hip bones

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14
Q

describe the characteristics of sesamoid bones

A

special type of short bone that forms a tendon, some alter the direction and pull of tendon

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15
Q

define process

A

any bony prominence

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16
Q

define tuberosity

A

large rounded projection, maybe roughened

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17
Q

define tubercle

A

small rounded projection or process

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18
Q

define trochanter

A

very large blunt, irregularly shaped process (on femur)

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19
Q

define condyle

A

rounded articular projection

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20
Q

define epicondyle

A

rounded articular projection

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21
Q

define facet

A

smooth nearly flat articular surface

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22
Q

define crest

A

narrow ridge of bone

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23
Q

define head

A

bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

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24
Q

define foramen

A

round or oval opening through bone

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25
Q

define meatus

A

canal like passage way

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26
Q

define fossa

A

shallow, basin like depression in bone often serving as an articular surface

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27
Q

In which category do the ear bones and the hypoid bone belong? Appendicular or axial?

A

axial

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28
Q

what kind of tissue makes up the developing embryo

A

fibrous connective tissue membranes and hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

what type of ossification occurs in the embryonic skull about 8 weeks after conception? When is it usually finished?

A

intramembranous

2 years of age

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30
Q

define fontanels, and where do they exist

A

areas of fibrous connective tissue
they exist between the cranial bones
soft spots

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31
Q

what are the function of fontanels (2)

A

provide flexibility to the fetal skull

allow skull to compress as it passes through the birth canal

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32
Q

what do fontanels become?

A

sutures

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33
Q

what are sutures

A

immovable joints in the adult skull

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34
Q

how many sutures are there in an adult skull

A

4

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35
Q

what are the 4 sutures of the skull and where are they located?

A

coronal - between frontal and parietal bones
sagittal - top of skull separates parietal bone into 2
sqaumous - sides of skull seperating parietal and temporal bones
lamboid - back of skull, between parietal and occipital bones

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36
Q

what is the only movable bone in the skull

A

mandible

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37
Q

what structure passes through the foramen magnum

A

spinal cord

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38
Q

the occipital condyles rest upon which bone?

A

occipital bone

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39
Q

how many bones are in the face?

Name them

A

14

2 nasal conchae, 2 lacrimal, 2 maxilla, 2 nasal, 2 palatine, a vomer, a mandible

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40
Q

how many bones are in the eye orbit? Name them

A

7

frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ethnoid

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41
Q

where does the hyoid bone exist?

A

anterior part of neck just below the mandible

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42
Q

what is the function of the hyoid bone?

A

functions as an attatchment point for the muscles of the tongue and larynx

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43
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column (4)

A
  • strong, flexible rod that extends from the skull to the pelvic area
  • supports the head
  • protects the spinal cord
  • serves as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, muscles of neck, and muscles of back
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44
Q

what typically makes up a vertebrae?

A

a thick disc shaped body, a vertebral foramen, and several processes

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45
Q

the vertebral column is curved into an S shape, what are the functions of this characteristic? (4)

A

it increases strength
helps maintain balance when upright
absorbs shock when moving
helps protect the vertebrae from fracture

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46
Q

what are the 3 types of vertebrae and how many vertebrae make up each type

A

7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar

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47
Q

which of the 3 types of vertebrae are the smalles and lightest?

A

cervical

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48
Q

what do all cervical posses? (2)

A

transverse foramen and transverse processes

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49
Q

what is the function of the transverse foramen

A

passage of the vertebral artery and vein and the associated nerves

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50
Q

to which category of vertebrae do the axis and atlas belong

A

cervical

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51
Q

what is the atlas and what does it function

A

it is a bony ring that supports the head

52
Q

what are the superior articular facets? what do they function

A

they are parts of the atlas that recieve the occipital condyles of the skull
they allow you to nod your head in a “yes” motion

53
Q

what are the characteristics of the axis, where does it connect to the atlas

A

it has a large tooth like process, the dens/odontoid process which arises from the body of the vertebrae which fits up into the anterior part of the atlas

54
Q

what is the function of the axis

A

it allows for a “no” movement

55
Q

what are the typical features of a thoracic vertebrae (4)

A

heart shaped body
circular vertebral foramen
long spinous process that points inferiorly
presence of facets/demifacents for articulation of ribs

56
Q

what are good indicators that a vertebrae belongs to the lumbar type

A

large heavy vertebrae that are equipped for weight bearing, hatchet shaped
large body, short hatchet shaped spinous process and a triangular foramen

57
Q

how many bones make up the sacrum?

A

5 fused sacral vertebrae

58
Q

what are the function of sacral vertebrae

A

stron support for the pelvic girdle

59
Q

how many bones make of the coccyx?

A

3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae

60
Q

what is the coccyx often called

A

tail bone

61
Q

why does the coccyx point inferiorly? in which sex does this occur

A

to allow for the passage of a baby during birth

female

62
Q

when does the coccyx point anteriorly?

A

in males

63
Q

what type of bone is the sternum and where is it located?

A

it is a flat bone

lies in the midline of the body and forms the anterior wall of the thoracic cage or bony thorac

64
Q

what bones make up the sternum?

A

3 fused bones

manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

65
Q

which bones articulate with the manubrium

A

the clavicles of the pectoral girdle and the first pair of ribs

66
Q

how many ribs articulate with the sternum

A

9 ribs

67
Q

how many ribs form the sides of the thoracic cage

A

12

68
Q

define true rib

A

attached to the sternum

69
Q

define false rib

A

attached to superior rib by cartilage

70
Q

define floating rib

A

rib only connected to the spine

71
Q

what is scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic region

72
Q

what is kyphosis, who is it common with

A

dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature, common in elderly

73
Q

what 2 bones make up the zygomatic arch

A

zygomatic and temporal

74
Q

what is the function of the thoracic cage

A

to protect important organs inside

75
Q

what 2 bones make up the hard palate

A

maxillary and zygomatic arch

76
Q

what is the function of the pectoral and pelvic girdles

A

to attach the bones f the appendages to the axial skeleton

77
Q

describe the characteristics of the clavicle

A

s shaped bone
blunt and smooth on the medial end
broad and flattened on the lateral/acromial end

78
Q

what articulates with the medial end of the clavicle

A

manubrium

79
Q

what articulates with the lateral end of the clavicle

A

acromion process of the scapula

80
Q

what are the functions of the clavicle

A

serves as an anterior brace which helps prevent dislocation of the shoulder

81
Q

what is the scapula and where is it located

A

a large triangular bone located on the posterior aspect of the thoracic cage

82
Q

where is the humerus located?

A

extending from the shoulder to the elbow

83
Q

what articulates with the proximal end of the humerus

A

glenoid cavity of the scapula

84
Q

what is another name for the glenoid cavity

A

fossa

85
Q

what articulates with the distal end of the humerus

A

the radius and ulna

86
Q

what does the forearm consist of?

A

radius and ulna

87
Q

in anatomical position where are the radius and ulna in relation to each other

A

ulna - medial side

radius - lateral side

88
Q

what articulates with the head of the radius

A

the humerus and ulna

89
Q

what articulates to the distal end of the radius

A

the carpal bones of the wrist

90
Q

how many carpal bones are there in a wrist

A

8

91
Q

how many rows of carpal bones are there

A

2 rows, 4 bones each

92
Q

what are characteristics of metacarpal bones (2)

A

long and cylindrical

distal ends make up the knuckles

93
Q

what bones do the metacarpals articulate with

A

proximally - carpals

distally - phalanges

94
Q

why are our thumbs called “opposable thumbs”

A

because of their ability to oppose fingers, giving the human hand its dexterity and manipulative abilities

95
Q

what 3 types of phalange bones make up a finger?

A

proximal, middle, distal

96
Q

how many phalange make up the thumbs

A

2 proximal and distal

97
Q

what is the pelvic girdle and what is it attached to

A

a strong bony ring attached to the sacrum of the vertebral column

98
Q

what does the ring of the pelvic girdle consist of?

A

2 hip bones or coxae

99
Q

where do the 2 coxae unit

A

anteriorly at the pubic symphasis of the pelvic girdle

100
Q

what are the 3 bones of a coxa

A

ilium, ischium, pubis

101
Q

what forms the bony pelvis

A

the coxae, sacrum, and coccyx

102
Q

define true pelvis (4)

A

a pelvis that has a birth canal
shallow + great capacity
contains pelvic inlet
short curved canal

103
Q

define false pelvis

A

upper broader portion of the pelvic cavity

everything not associated with birth

104
Q

what are characteristics of a male pelvises

structure, bone thickness, pubic angle, pelvic brim, acetabulla

A 
deep and narrow
heavy and thick
acute/sharp
heart shaped
large and close together
105
Q

what are the characteristics of female pelvises

structure, bone thickness, pubic angle, pelvic brim, acetabulla

A 
shallow and wide
light and thin
broad/round
oval/large
small and far apart
106
Q

what bone is located in the thigh

A

femur

107
Q

what bone is located in the knee cap

A

patella

108
Q

what bone is located in the lower leg

A

tibia and fibula

109
Q

what bone is located in the ankle

A

tarsal bones

110
Q

what bones make up the feet

A

metatarsal bones and phalanges

111
Q

which bone is the longest, heaviest bone in the body?

A

femur

112
Q

what bones do the femur articulate with

A

proximal - acetabulum of pelvis

distal - tibia

113
Q

what makes up the distal end of the femur

A

lateral and medial condyles

114
Q

what type of bone is the patella

A

sesamoid bone

115
Q

where is the patella located

A

anterior to the knee joint, embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle

116
Q

what is the function of the tibia

A

serves to transmit weight of the body from the femur onto the foot

117
Q

what is the difference between the tibia and the fibula

A
  • tibia is larger and bears all the weight

- fibula is smaller and bears no weight, as well it does not enter into the formation of the knee joint

118
Q

how many bones make up the ankle

A

7

119
Q

what is the talus? what does it articulate with

A

a tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula

120
Q

what is the calcaneus

A

the heel bone

121
Q

how many metatarsal bones extend from the tarsal bones to the ball of the foot? which bones do these articulate with

A

5

articulate with the phalanges

122
Q

which bone articulates with the acetabulum and the tibia

A

femur

123
Q

which bone is the one you sit down on

A

ischium

124
Q

what main bones make up the pectoral girdle

A

scapula and clavicles

125
Q

which bone of the axial skeleton does the pectoral girdle attach

A

manubrium

AP Lab WInter (9 decks)

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