9 Flashcards
1
Q
how many named bones are there
A
206
2
Q
what 2 groups are the bones divided into
A
appendicular and axial
3
Q
what bones make up the axial system?
A
skull, vertebrae, thoracic cage
4
Q
what bones make up the appendicular system?
A
upper and lower limbs, girdle forming bones
5
Q
what are the 5 main bone shape types
A
long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
6
Q
why are long bones slightly curved
A
for strength so that the stress of body’s weight is evenly distributed along several points
7
Q
describe the characteristics of long bones
A
longer than they are wide
slightly curved
compact bone lines the diaphysis
spongy bone at ends
8
Q
describe the characteristics of short bones
A
roughly cube shaped
9
Q
where are short bones?
A
wrist and ankle
10
Q
describe the characteristics of flat bones
A
thin, flattened, usually curved
11
Q
where are flat bones?
A
sternum, scapulae, ribs, skull bones
12
Q
describe the characteristics of irregular bones
A
irregularly shaped
13
Q
where are irregular bones
A
vertebrae and hip bones
14
Q
describe the characteristics of sesamoid bones
A
special type of short bone that forms a tendon, some alter the direction and pull of tendon
15
Q
define process
A
any bony prominence
16
Q
define tuberosity
A
large rounded projection, maybe roughened
17
Q
define tubercle
A
small rounded projection or process
18
Q
define trochanter
A
very large blunt, irregularly shaped process (on femur)
19
Q
define condyle
A
rounded articular projection
20
Q
define epicondyle
A
rounded articular projection
21
Q
define facet
A
smooth nearly flat articular surface
22
Q
define crest
A
narrow ridge of bone
23
Q
define head
A
bony expansion carried on a narrow neck
24
Q
define foramen
A
round or oval opening through bone
25
define meatus
canal like passage way
26
define fossa
shallow, basin like depression in bone often serving as an articular surface
27
In which category do the ear bones and the hypoid bone belong? Appendicular or axial?
axial
28
what kind of tissue makes up the developing embryo
fibrous connective tissue membranes and hyaline cartilage
29
what type of ossification occurs in the embryonic skull about 8 weeks after conception? When is it usually finished?
intramembranous
| 2 years of age
30
define fontanels, and where do they exist
areas of fibrous connective tissue
they exist between the cranial bones
soft spots
31
what are the function of fontanels (2)
provide flexibility to the fetal skull
| allow skull to compress as it passes through the birth canal
32
what do fontanels become?
sutures
33
what are sutures
immovable joints in the adult skull
34
how many sutures are there in an adult skull
4
35
what are the 4 sutures of the skull and where are they located?
coronal - between frontal and parietal bones
sagittal - top of skull separates parietal bone into 2
sqaumous - sides of skull seperating parietal and temporal bones
lamboid - back of skull, between parietal and occipital bones
36
what is the only movable bone in the skull
mandible
37
what structure passes through the foramen magnum
spinal cord
38
the occipital condyles rest upon which bone?
occipital bone
39
how many bones are in the face?
| Name them
14
| 2 nasal conchae, 2 lacrimal, 2 maxilla, 2 nasal, 2 palatine, a vomer, a mandible
40
how many bones are in the eye orbit? Name them
7
| frontal, sphenoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal, ethnoid
41
where does the hyoid bone exist?
anterior part of neck just below the mandible
42
what is the function of the hyoid bone?
functions as an attatchment point for the muscles of the tongue and larynx
43
what are the functions of the vertebral column (4)
- strong, flexible rod that extends from the skull to the pelvic area
- supports the head
- protects the spinal cord
- serves as a point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, muscles of neck, and muscles of back
44
what typically makes up a vertebrae?
a thick disc shaped body, a vertebral foramen, and several processes
45
the vertebral column is curved into an S shape, what are the functions of this characteristic? (4)
it increases strength
helps maintain balance when upright
absorbs shock when moving
helps protect the vertebrae from fracture
46
what are the 3 types of vertebrae and how many vertebrae make up each type
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
47
which of the 3 types of vertebrae are the smalles and lightest?
cervical
48
what do all cervical posses? (2)
transverse foramen and transverse processes
49
what is the function of the transverse foramen
passage of the vertebral artery and vein and the associated nerves
50
to which category of vertebrae do the axis and atlas belong
cervical
51
what is the atlas and what does it function
it is a bony ring that supports the head
52
what are the superior articular facets? what do they function
they are parts of the atlas that recieve the occipital condyles of the skull
they allow you to nod your head in a "yes" motion
53
what are the characteristics of the axis, where does it connect to the atlas
it has a large tooth like process, the dens/odontoid process which arises from the body of the vertebrae which fits up into the anterior part of the atlas
54
what is the function of the axis
it allows for a "no" movement
55
what are the typical features of a thoracic vertebrae (4)
heart shaped body
circular vertebral foramen
long spinous process that points inferiorly
presence of facets/demifacents for articulation of ribs
56
what are good indicators that a vertebrae belongs to the lumbar type
large heavy vertebrae that are equipped for weight bearing, hatchet shaped
large body, short hatchet shaped spinous process and a triangular foramen
57
how many bones make up the sacrum?
5 fused sacral vertebrae
58
what are the function of sacral vertebrae
stron support for the pelvic girdle
59
how many bones make of the coccyx?
3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae
60
what is the coccyx often called
tail bone
61
why does the coccyx point inferiorly? in which sex does this occur
to allow for the passage of a baby during birth
| female
62
when does the coccyx point anteriorly?
in males
63
what type of bone is the sternum and where is it located?
it is a flat bone
| lies in the midline of the body and forms the anterior wall of the thoracic cage or bony thorac
64
what bones make up the sternum?
3 fused bones
| manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
65
which bones articulate with the manubrium
the clavicles of the pectoral girdle and the first pair of ribs
66
how many ribs articulate with the sternum
9 ribs
67
how many ribs form the sides of the thoracic cage
12
68
define true rib
attached to the sternum
69
define false rib
attached to superior rib by cartilage
70
define floating rib
rib only connected to the spine
71
what is scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature that occurs most often in the thoracic region
72
what is kyphosis, who is it common with
dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature, common in elderly
73
what 2 bones make up the zygomatic arch
zygomatic and temporal
74
what is the function of the thoracic cage
to protect important organs inside
75
what 2 bones make up the hard palate
maxillary and zygomatic arch
76
what is the function of the pectoral and pelvic girdles
to attach the bones f the appendages to the axial skeleton
77
describe the characteristics of the clavicle
s shaped bone
blunt and smooth on the medial end
broad and flattened on the lateral/acromial end
78
what articulates with the medial end of the clavicle
manubrium
79
what articulates with the lateral end of the clavicle
acromion process of the scapula
80
what are the functions of the clavicle
serves as an anterior brace which helps prevent dislocation of the shoulder
81
what is the scapula and where is it located
a large triangular bone located on the posterior aspect of the thoracic cage
82
where is the humerus located?
extending from the shoulder to the elbow
83
what articulates with the proximal end of the humerus
glenoid cavity of the scapula
84
what is another name for the glenoid cavity
fossa
85
what articulates with the distal end of the humerus
the radius and ulna
86
what does the forearm consist of?
radius and ulna
87
in anatomical position where are the radius and ulna in relation to each other
ulna - medial side
| radius - lateral side
88
what articulates with the head of the radius
the humerus and ulna
89
what articulates to the distal end of the radius
the carpal bones of the wrist
90
how many carpal bones are there in a wrist
8
91
how many rows of carpal bones are there
2 rows, 4 bones each
92
what are characteristics of metacarpal bones (2)
long and cylindrical
| distal ends make up the knuckles
93
what bones do the metacarpals articulate with
proximally - carpals
| distally - phalanges
94
why are our thumbs called "opposable thumbs"
because of their ability to oppose fingers, giving the human hand its dexterity and manipulative abilities
95
what 3 types of phalange bones make up a finger?
proximal, middle, distal
96
how many phalange make up the thumbs
2 proximal and distal
97
what is the pelvic girdle and what is it attached to
a strong bony ring attached to the sacrum of the vertebral column
98
what does the ring of the pelvic girdle consist of?
2 hip bones or coxae
99
where do the 2 coxae unit
anteriorly at the pubic symphasis of the pelvic girdle
100
what are the 3 bones of a coxa
ilium, ischium, pubis
101
what forms the bony pelvis
the coxae, sacrum, and coccyx
102
define true pelvis (4)
a pelvis that has a birth canal
shallow + great capacity
contains pelvic inlet
short curved canal
103
define false pelvis
upper broader portion of the pelvic cavity
| everything not associated with birth
104
what are characteristics of a male pelvises
| structure, bone thickness, pubic angle, pelvic brim, acetabulla
```
deep and narrow
heavy and thick
acute/sharp
heart shaped
large and close together
```
105
what are the characteristics of female pelvises
| structure, bone thickness, pubic angle, pelvic brim, acetabulla
```
shallow and wide
light and thin
broad/round
oval/large
small and far apart
```
106
what bone is located in the thigh
femur
107
what bone is located in the knee cap
patella
108
what bone is located in the lower leg
tibia and fibula
109
what bone is located in the ankle
tarsal bones
110
what bones make up the feet
metatarsal bones and phalanges
111
which bone is the longest, heaviest bone in the body?
femur
112
what bones do the femur articulate with
proximal - acetabulum of pelvis
| distal - tibia
113
what makes up the distal end of the femur
lateral and medial condyles
114
what type of bone is the patella
sesamoid bone
115
where is the patella located
anterior to the knee joint, embedded in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
116
what is the function of the tibia
serves to transmit weight of the body from the femur onto the foot
117
what is the difference between the tibia and the fibula
- tibia is larger and bears all the weight
| - fibula is smaller and bears no weight, as well it does not enter into the formation of the knee joint
118
how many bones make up the ankle
7
119
what is the talus? what does it articulate with
a tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
120
what is the calcaneus
the heel bone
121
how many metatarsal bones extend from the tarsal bones to the ball of the foot? which bones do these articulate with
5
| articulate with the phalanges
122
which bone articulates with the acetabulum and the tibia
femur
123
which bone is the one you sit down on
ischium
124
what main bones make up the pectoral girdle
scapula and clavicles
125
which bone of the axial skeleton does the pectoral girdle attach
manubrium
