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AP Lab WInter > 13.1 Physiology of Blood Circulation > Flashcards

13.1 Physiology of Blood Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

where is the cardiovascular center located

A

medulla oblongata

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2
Q

how is output sent from the cardiovascular center

A

via sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons

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3
Q

what are the functions of the sympathetic cardiac acclamatory nerves (2)

A

release the norepiniephrine increasing the rate of and force of the hearts contractions
cause vasoconstriction and an increase in blood pressure

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4
Q

what are the functions of the parasympathetic cardiac inhibitory nerves

A

release acetylcholine which decreases heart rate and has a lesser effect on decreasing the force of contraction

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5
Q

what is a function of the cardiovascular center

A

continuously sends impulses to the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls

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6
Q

What sets the rhythm of the hearts contractions?

A

specialized cardia cells called auto-rhythmic fibers, pacemaker cells

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7
Q

What does norepinephrine do to blood vessels

A

increase heart rate therefore constrict veins and arterioles

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8
Q

what does epinephrine do to blood vessels

A

dialate arterioles to increase blood flow

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9
Q

what is electrocardiography

A

the measurement and analysis of currents associated with heart activity

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10
Q

what is electrocardiography important for

A

the diagnosis of abnormal cardiac function

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11
Q

what is an ECG/EKG

A

the recording of the electrical changes of the heart

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12
Q

what does a normal electrocardiogram consist of

A

p wave
qrs complex
t wave

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13
Q

what does the p wave of an electrocardiogram indicate

A

atrial depolarization

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14
Q

what does the qrs complex of an electrocardiogram indicate

A

ventricular depolarization

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15
Q

what does the t wave of an electrocardiogram indicate

A

ventricular repolarization

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16
Q

what happened when acetylcholine was applied to a frog heart

A

it decreased the force of contraction

waves of the electrocardiogram got smaller and wider

17
Q

what happened when epinephrine was applied to a frog heart

A

it increased the force of contraction

waves of the electrocardiogram gat taller and narrower

18
Q

is epinephrine released by the sympathetic or parasympathetic system?

A

sympathetic

19
Q

acetylcholine released by the sympathetic or parasympathetic system

A

parasympathetic

20
Q

what does the term pulse refer to

A

alternating surges of pressure in an artery that can occur with each contraction and relaxation of the left ventricle

21
Q

what is the normal resting pulse

A

70-76 beats per min

22
Q

in clinical terms what does blood pressure refer to

A

arterial blood pressure

23
Q

when heart muscle is in a contracted state what is it called

A

systole

24
Q

when the heart muscle is in a relaxed state what is it called

A

diastole

25
Q

how is systolic pressure defined

A

maximum pressure in the arteries during ventricular contraction

26
Q

how is diastolic pressure defined

A

minimum pressure in the arteries during ventricular relaxation

27
Q

why does blood pressure change when someone is reclining

what role do baroreceptors play

A

heart and rest of the body are on the same plane, therefor easier to pump blood throughout the body since blood flow is not against gravity (blood pressure decreases)
baroreceptors sense the blood pressure changes

28
Q

would blood pressure and pulse rate increase when standing for long periods?

A

yep receptors would signal the need to increase blood pressure in order to get pulse to a normal rate

29
Q

explain the changes in blood pressure and pulse rate immediately after exercise and once exercise has ceased

A

heart pumps harder in order to increase oxygen supply to muscles during exercise
blood pressure/pulse will return to normal within 5mins of resting

30
Q

how would you expect trained athletes and an unfit person differ in effects of exersice

A

unfit person would have increased blood pressure compared to the athlete

31
Q

what would be the effect of drinking a cup of highly caffeinated beverage on pulse rate

A

it would increase heart rate as caffeine is a stimulant

32
Q

what is hypertension

A

sustained increase in systolic or diastolic blood pressure

33
Q

why is prolonged hypertension dangerous?

A

can damage you blood vessels resulting in ruptures, strokes, leaks

34
Q

what is arterioclerosis what does it lead to

A

hypertension - blood has to pump harder with the pressure increase; systolic arteries gave decreased lumen size, loose elasticisty

35
Q

why are veins readily affected by external factors? What are some external factors

A

because of the thinness of the walls

muscle activity, gravity, and pressure changes in the thorax such as breathing

36
Q

how do veins preven blood flow backwards

A

they have valves

AP Lab WInter (9 decks)

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