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AP Lab WInter > 12.1 Blood > Flashcards

12.1 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what does blood contain?

A

cells
cell fragments
ground substance/plasma
dissolved protein fibers

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2
Q

what are the functions of blood

A

transport medium
helps maintain all body fluids by regulating pH
adjust body temp
maintaining osmotic pressure in cells

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3
Q

what does clotting prevent and what is its function

A

excessive loss from the cardiovascular system

helps protect the body against disease

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4
Q

what is the avg volume of blood in the body of adult males?

A

5-6ml

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5
Q

what is the avg volume of blood in the body of adult females?

A

4-5ml

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6
Q

what are the 2 components of blood

A

formed elements

plasma

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7
Q

what are the formed elements in blood

A

rbc - erythrocytes
wbc - leukocytes
platelets

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8
Q

what are the most numerous cells in the blood, what is the ratio

A

rbc -erythrocytes

600:1 - rbc:wbc

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9
Q

what doe rbcs carry

A

oxygen carrying pigments aka hemoglobin

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10
Q

are rbcs nucleated?

A

nope

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11
Q

what are the 2 forms of wbc and how are they characterized

A

granulocytes - large number of cisible cytoplasmic granules

arganulocytes - no apparent granules

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12
Q

what is the stains used when examining blood cells

A

wrights stain - which contains eosin

methylene blue

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13
Q

what is the main function of rbc?

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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14
Q

how do rbcs look?

A

appear small, round, biconcave discs

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15
Q

what are the different types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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16
Q

what is the main function of neutrophils

A

destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms and foreign matter

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17
Q

by what means do neutrophils destroy things

A

phagocytosis

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18
Q

what is the percentage of luekocytes are in the wbc population

A

50-70%

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19
Q

what is the main function of eosinophils? (2))

A

control local responses associated with allergic reaction

important in defense against multicellular parasites

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20
Q

what is the percentage of eosinophils are in the wbc population

A

2-4%

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21
Q

what is the main function of basophils

A

may be involved in allergic reactions, releasing heparin and histamine that enhance the inflammatory response

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22
Q

what is the percentage of basophils are in the wbc population

A

0.5-1%

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23
Q

arganulocytes produce different _______ for reactions

A

mediators

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24
Q

wha are the 2 types of arganulocytes?

A

lymphocytes

monocytes

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25
Q

what is the percentage of lymphocytes are in the wbc population

A

25-45%

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26
Q

what is the main function of lymphocytes?

A

produce antibodies and other agents involved in the immune process

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27
Q

what is the mane function of monocytes

A

they transform into macrophages after invading infected tissue sites and engulf large particles like rbcs, malarial parasites, necrotic tissue

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28
Q

what is the percentage of monocytes are in the wbc population

A

3-8%

29
Q

what are the main function of platelets

A

stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug
promote blood clotting

30
Q

what is the purpose of a differential wbc count

A

to determine the percentage of each of the five types of leukocytes in a sample of blood

31
Q

what is leukemia

A

group of cancerous conditions characterized by an uncontrolled
bone marrow is occupied by cancerous leukocytes so other cells are not formed

32
Q

what are some symptoms of leukemia

A

fever, weight loss, bleeding, compromised immune system

33
Q

what does a high neutrophil percentage idicate

A

bacteril infections/posons

34
Q

what does a low neutrophil percentage indicate

A

presence of an allergy or parasitic invasion

35
Q

what are some conditions associated with high lymphocyte counts

A

infectious mononucleosis, measles, mumps, TB

36
Q

what are some conditions associated with high monocytes

A

TB, protozoan infection, hodgkins disease, infectious mononuclesis

37
Q

what is the hematocrit

A

percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs

which is about 45% usually

38
Q

how is the hematocrit determined

A

centrifuging a sample of heparinized blood

39
Q

what is the function of heparin

A

prevents blood from clotting

40
Q

what is the hematocrit percentage of avg males

A

42-52%

41
Q

what is the hematocrit percentage of avg females

A

36-47%

42
Q

if the total hemotocrit is around 45% what makes up the rest?

A

plasma is the remaining 55%

there might be 1% of wbcs

43
Q

what is a good indicator in the blood’s capacity to carry oxygen?

A

concentration of hemoglobin

44
Q

what is the normal hemoglobin concentration at birth

A

14-20g/100ml of blood

45
Q

what is the normal hemoglobin concentration for adult males

A

13-18g/100ml

46
Q

what is the normal hemoglobin concentration for adult females

A

12-16g/100ml

47
Q

what scale is used to determine the ranges of hemoglobin concentration

A

tallquist scale

48
Q

what does the tallquist scale involve

A

compares hemolyzed samples of blood with a color standard by moving a slide on the side of the hemoglobinmeter bck and forth until the two halves of the green field match

49
Q

what are blood groups based on

A

the presence or absence of antigens

50
Q

what do antigens react with

A

react with antibodies

51
Q

what antibodies are present in type A blood

A

b antibodies

52
Q

what antibodies are present in type O blood

A

both a and b antibodies

53
Q

what does Rh positive mean

A

there is the presence of antigen D in the blood

54
Q

what happens when the wrong blood is given to an individual during a transfusion

A
  • a transfusion reaction might occur in which a recipients plasma antibodies recognice the antigens on the donors red bloos cells as foreign and mount an immune response
  • the response is an aggulination, clumping, of the red blood cells which are destroyed by the immune system, leading to hemolysis of the cells, possible kidney failure, and even death
55
Q

Which blood type is the universal recipients

A

AB blood type

56
Q

which blood type is the universal donor

A

O blood type

57
Q

which is more important the, the antibodies of the donor or the antibodies of the recipient and why

A

antibodies of the recipient

because the plasma of the donor is removed and all that is left are the rbcs

58
Q

what is the transfusion rule?

A

recipients antibodies must not match the donors antigens

59
Q

what is anemia

A

when an individual has a decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood and consequently a decreased amount of oxygen in the tissues

60
Q

what is a probable cause of anemia

A

deficiencies in iron or vitamin b12

increased destruction or malformation of rbcs in cases of infection

61
Q

what is the best way to determine if someone is anemic

A

hematocrit

62
Q

what is polycythemia, what causes it

A

condition that is characterized by above normal rbc counts

due to living at high altitudes or red marrow malignancy

63
Q

what is used to count rbcs

A

hemacytometer

64
Q

what is a luekocyte count used for

A

it is used to indicate infection

65
Q

what is the normal wbc count?

A

4800-10800/ml of blood

66
Q

what is the term for a wbc above 10800?

A

leukocytosis

67
Q

what is the term for a wbc below 4800?

A

leukopenia

68
Q

how is a wbc count conducted

A

by using the corners (indicated by the W) of the hemocytometer

AP Lab WInter (9 decks)

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