12.1 Blood Flashcards by Felicity Galang

what does blood contain?

cells
cell fragments
ground substance/plasma
dissolved protein fibers

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what are the functions of blood

transport medium
helps maintain all body fluids by regulating pH
adjust body temp
maintaining osmotic pressure in cells

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what does clotting prevent and what is its function

excessive loss from the cardiovascular system

helps protect the body against disease

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what is the avg volume of blood in the body of adult males?

5-6ml

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what is the avg volume of blood in the body of adult females?

4-5ml

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what are the 2 components of blood

formed elements

plasma

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what are the formed elements in blood

rbc - erythrocytes
wbc - leukocytes
platelets

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what are the most numerous cells in the blood, what is the ratio

rbc -erythrocytes

600:1 - rbc:wbc

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what doe rbcs carry

oxygen carrying pigments aka hemoglobin

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are rbcs nucleated?

nope

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what are the 2 forms of wbc and how are they characterized

granulocytes - large number of cisible cytoplasmic granules

arganulocytes - no apparent granules

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what is the stains used when examining blood cells

wrights stain - which contains eosin

methylene blue

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what is the main function of rbc?

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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how do rbcs look?

appear small, round, biconcave discs

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what are the different types of granulocytes

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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what is the main function of neutrophils

destruction of pathogenic micro-organisms and foreign matter

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by what means do neutrophils destroy things

phagocytosis

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what is the percentage of luekocytes are in the wbc population

50-70%

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what is the main function of eosinophils? (2))

control local responses associated with allergic reaction

important in defense against multicellular parasites

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what is the percentage of eosinophils are in the wbc population

2-4%

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what is the main function of basophils

may be involved in allergic reactions, releasing heparin and histamine that enhance the inflammatory response

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what is the percentage of basophils are in the wbc population

0.5-1%

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arganulocytes produce different _______ for reactions

mediators

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wha are the 2 types of arganulocytes?

lymphocytes

monocytes

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what is the percentage of lymphocytes are in the wbc population

25-45%

what is the main function of lymphocytes?

produce antibodies and other agents involved in the immune process

what is the mane function of monocytes

they transform into macrophages after invading infected tissue sites and engulf large particles like rbcs, malarial parasites, necrotic tissue

what is the percentage of monocytes are in the wbc population

3-8%

what are the main function of platelets

stop blood loss from damaged vessels by forming a platelet plug promote blood clotting

what is the purpose of a differential wbc count

to determine the percentage of each of the five types of leukocytes in a sample of blood

what is leukemia

group of cancerous conditions characterized by an uncontrolled bone marrow is occupied by cancerous leukocytes so other cells are not formed

what are some symptoms of leukemia

fever, weight loss, bleeding, compromised immune system

what does a high neutrophil percentage idicate

bacteril infections/posons

what does a low neutrophil percentage indicate

presence of an allergy or parasitic invasion

what are some conditions associated with high lymphocyte counts

infectious mononucleosis, measles, mumps, TB

what are some conditions associated with high monocytes

TB, protozoan infection, hodgkins disease, infectious mononuclesis

what is the hematocrit

percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs | which is about 45% usually

how is the hematocrit determined

centrifuging a sample of heparinized blood

what is the function of heparin

prevents blood from clotting

what is the hematocrit percentage of avg males

42-52%

what is the hematocrit percentage of avg females

36-47%

if the total hemotocrit is around 45% what makes up the rest?

plasma is the remaining 55% | there might be 1% of wbcs

what is a good indicator in the blood's capacity to carry oxygen?

concentration of hemoglobin

what is the normal hemoglobin concentration at birth

14-20g/100ml of blood

what is the normal hemoglobin concentration for adult males

13-18g/100ml

what is the normal hemoglobin concentration for adult females

12-16g/100ml

what scale is used to determine the ranges of hemoglobin concentration

tallquist scale

what does the tallquist scale involve

compares hemolyzed samples of blood with a color standard by moving a slide on the side of the hemoglobinmeter bck and forth until the two halves of the green field match

what are blood groups based on

the presence or absence of antigens

what do antigens react with

react with antibodies

what antibodies are present in type A blood

b antibodies

what antibodies are present in type O blood

both a and b antibodies

what does Rh positive mean

there is the presence of antigen D in the blood

what happens when the wrong blood is given to an individual during a transfusion

- a transfusion reaction might occur in which a recipients plasma antibodies recognice the antigens on the donors red bloos cells as foreign and mount an immune response - the response is an aggulination, clumping, of the red blood cells which are destroyed by the immune system, leading to hemolysis of the cells, possible kidney failure, and even death

Which blood type is the universal recipients

AB blood type

which blood type is the universal donor

O blood type

which is more important the, the antibodies of the donor or the antibodies of the recipient and why

antibodies of the recipient | because the plasma of the donor is removed and all that is left are the rbcs

what is the transfusion rule?

recipients antibodies must not match the donors antigens

what is anemia

when an individual has a decreased amount of hemoglobin in the blood and consequently a decreased amount of oxygen in the tissues

what is a probable cause of anemia

deficiencies in iron or vitamin b12 | increased destruction or malformation of rbcs in cases of infection

what is the best way to determine if someone is anemic

hematocrit

what is polycythemia, what causes it

condition that is characterized by above normal rbc counts | due to living at high altitudes or red marrow malignancy

what is used to count rbcs

hemacytometer

what is a luekocyte count used for

it is used to indicate infection

what is the normal wbc count?

4800-10800/ml of blood

what is the term for a wbc above 10800?

leukocytosis

what is the term for a wbc below 4800?

leukopenia

how is a wbc count conducted

by using the corners (indicated by the W) of the hemocytometer