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AP Lab WInter > 16 Reproduction/Embryo Dev > Flashcards

16 Reproduction/Embryo Dev Flashcards

1
Q

what do reproductive systems include

A

gonads/primary sec organs

accessory reproductive structures

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2
Q

what do gonads usually produce

A

gametes and sex hormones

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3
Q

what is the male reproductive role?

A

to produce male gametes, called spermatozoa or sperm cells

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4
Q

what hangs within the scrotum

A

testes

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5
Q

what is a scrotum

A

abdominal pounches forming a common cutaneous sac

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6
Q

what is the normal temperature for sperm production

A

3 degrees lower than normal body temp (approx 34)

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7
Q

what is the accessory duct attached to each testes

A

epididymis

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8
Q

what is the function of the epididymis?

A

it is a place where sperm matures

stores sperm

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9
Q

what emerges from the epididymis

A

the vas deferens

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10
Q

what forms the spermatic cord

A

vas deferens, associated blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue

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11
Q

where does the ductus deferens run?

A

runs upward, passes through the inguinal canal and enters the abdominal cavity
then it leaves the spermatic cord, loops over the ureter and descends along the posterior surface of the urinary bladder
then it enlarges to form the ampulla which joins with the duct from one of the seminal vesicles forming the ejaculatory duct

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12
Q

where does the ejaculatory duct run

A

pass into the prostate and empty into the urethra

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13
Q

what are the 3 regions of the tip of the penis

A

prostatic urethra
membranous urethra
penile urethra

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14
Q

what are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system

A

all paired
seminal vesicles glands
prostate glands
bulbourethral glands

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15
Q

what is the internal structure of the penis

A

three cylindrical columns of erectile tissue (elastic CT, smooth muscle, vascular channels) each surrounded by tunica albuginea

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16
Q

what are the 2 dorsal columns of erectile tissue called

A

corpora cavernosa

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17
Q

what is the column of erectile tissue surrounding the urethra

A

corupus spongiosum

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18
Q

what happens the erectile tissue when the individual is sexually aroused

A

blood will fill the tissue and cause an enlargement and erection of the penis

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19
Q

what tissue covers the testes, what does it consist of?

A

each testis is covered by a dense connective tissue capsule composed of many coiled seminiferous tubules

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20
Q

what is spermatogenesis and where does it occur

A

the process of sperm production

it occurs in the seminiferous tubules

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21
Q

what is spermatogonia and where are they located

A

the most immature cells

located near basement membrane

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22
Q

what do spermotogonia develop into?

A

primordial germ cells in the embryonic testis

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23
Q

how long do spermatogonia remain dormant?

A

during childhood

they begin actively producing sperm at puberty (10-12 yrs)

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24
Q

when do spermatogonia begin to divides by mitosis? what is the resulting product of the division?

A

they begin to divide when exposed to reproductive hormones

after the division some form primary spermatocytes

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25
Q

what do primary spermatocytes give rise to

A

4 sperm cells

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26
Q

what meiosis do primary spermatocytes undergo and what is the result

A

meiosis 1 to produce 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes

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27
Q

what type of meiosis do secondary spermatocytes under go and what is the results

A

meiosis 2 to produce four haploid spermatids

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28
Q

when secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis 2 and produce 4 haploid spermatids are they ready successfully fertilize with an oocyte?

A

nope, they need to form their flagella for movement and they need to shed their cytoplasm

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29
Q

sperm are produced throughout the male lifetime, what changes as they grow older in regards to ejaculatory make up and libido

A

sperm count gets lower

sex drive diminishes

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30
Q

where are the leydig cells located

A

between the seminiferous tubules

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31
Q

what is another name for leydig cells

A

interstitial cells

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32
Q

what is the function of leydig cells

A

secrete restosterone

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33
Q

what is necessary for spermatogenesis and the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males

A

testosterone

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34
Q

what is the reproductive role of the female

A

to produce female gametes known as ova/eggs

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35
Q

where are the ovaries located

A

at each side of the uterus

36
Q

what is the function of the ovaries

A

produce gametes, secondary oocytes, mature egg cells after fertilization and also produce sex hormones

37
Q

what sex hormones are produced by the ovaries

A

estrogen and progesterone

38
Q

where are the uterine tubes/fallopian tubes located

A

they extend medially from the region of the ovary to enter the uterus

39
Q

what is the infundibulum?

A

the expanded funnel end of the uterine tube closest to the ovaries

40
Q

what are fimbriae and where are they located

A

finger like projections of the infundibulum

41
Q

what are the function of fimbriae

A

they contain cillia that creates currents in the peritoneal fluid that propels the ovulated oocyte from the ovary into the uterine tube

42
Q

where does fertilization of an oocyte occur?

A

in the uterine tube

43
Q

when does fertilization of an oocyte occur?

A

up to 24 hours after ovulation if sperm are present

44
Q

what carries the oocyte to the uterus

A

by a combination of muscular peristalsis and beating of cilia lining the tube

45
Q

what is the uterus and where is it located

A

a small muscular pear shaped organ

it is located across the superior and posterior margins of the urinary bladder

46
Q

what are the 2 rgions of the uterus

A

body- which forms the largest portion of the uterus

cervix- inferior portion of the uterus that connect to the vagina

47
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterine wall

A

perimetrium
myometrium
inner endometrium

48
Q

which of the three layers of the uterine wall make up majority of it

A

myometrium

49
Q

what is the function of the smooth muscle of the myometrium

A

able to produce powerful labor contractions

50
Q

what does the innermost endometrium consist of?

A

2 layers
stratum functionalis/functional layer - lies underneath the uterine cavity
stratum basalis/basal layer - beneath SF

51
Q

what is the functional layer a site for

A

uterine glands in the underlying areolar connective tissue

52
Q

Where is the fertilized ovum undergo implantation

A

the functional layer of the inner most endometrium of the uterine wall

53
Q

what happens when fertilization does not occur

A

the functional layer is shed during menstration

54
Q

what is the tubular muscular cnaal located between the urinary bladder and the rectum

A

the vagina

55
Q

what receives the penis

A

the vagina lol

56
Q

what covers the surface of each ovary (cell type)

A

cuboidal epithelium

57
Q

what is beneath the cuboidal epithelium covering the ovaries

A

a thick layer of dense connective tissue

58
Q

what are the regions of the ovary?

A

the cortex - containing the follicles and the corpora lutea

medulla - interior part of the ovary composed mainly of loose connective tissue and blood vessels

59
Q

what is oogenesis, where does it occur

A

the process of egg production occurring in the ovaries

60
Q

when does oogenesis begin

A

in early fetal development when primordial germ cells in the ovary differentiate into ooginia

61
Q

what do oogonia do, what do some transform into

A

divide mitotically increasing in numbers into the millions

some transform into primary oocytes

62
Q

what happens to a primary oocyte after it is formed? what does it become

A

it becomes surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells and becomes a primary follicle

63
Q

what type of meiosis occurs to the oocyte before puberty

A

meiosis 1, it stays at prophase 1 until puberty

64
Q

approximately how many primary oocytes are around at birth? how does that change as the female grows older

A

approximately 2 million in each ovary
at puberty 300 000 remain
and only about 400 will mature and be ovulated

65
Q

what is the name of the process that involves the degeneration of oocytes as a female ages

A

artesia

66
Q

what do luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormones trigger

A

they trigger several primary follicles to increase in size as the follicular cells proliferate to form a stratified epithelium of cuboidal granulosa cells

67
Q

where are granulosa cells located

A

around the developing ovum

68
Q

what is the clear glycoprotein layer that forms between the oocyte and the granulosa cells

A

zona pellucida

69
Q

what does a primary follicle develop into

A

it develops into a secondary follicle with a larger oocyte and more layers of follicular cells

70
Q

what eventually forms around the secondary follicle

A

a fluid filled cavity called the antrum

71
Q

what happens as the antrum enlarges around the secondary follicle

A

it pushes the oocyte to one side causing the oocyte to become surrounded by a capsule of follicular cells called corona radiata

72
Q

what happens to the connective tissue around granulosa cels when the follicle is known as a “graadian/mature follicle”

A

the connective tissue condenses and differentiates a thecal layers

73
Q

why might there be a bulge on the ovary

A

the antrum might be so big that the follicle forms a bulge

74
Q

when is estrogen released by the theca interna cells of the follicle

A

when the follicle has become mature

75
Q

what is the function of estrogen release by theca interna cells

A

estrogen interacts with pituitary hormones in a complex way in the control of ovulation
it is also responsible for the development of secondary sexual characteristics in the female

76
Q

what do pituitary hormones stimulate

A

ovulation

77
Q

what type of meiosis does a primary oocyte undergo, what does it become

A

meiosis 1

it produces a haploid secondary oocyte and a polar body that later degeneerates

78
Q

where does the secondary oocyte go after meiosis 1

A

enters the uterine tube and is transported to the uterus

79
Q

when the secondary oocyte eneters meiosis 2 what stage does it get paused at and how long does it stay that way

A

it pauses at metaphase 2 until fertilization occurs

80
Q

what happens once fertilization occurs

A

the completion of meiosis 2 to produce a haploid ovum and a second polar body which also degenerates and a zygote has been formed

81
Q

when is the corpus luteum formed

A

after ovulation

82
Q

what is corpus luteum

A

a glandular structure with a folded wall of lutein cells surrounding a small amount of follicular fluid

83
Q

what does corpus luteum secrete

A

progesterone and estrogen

84
Q

why is the development of progesteron important

A

it is important for the development of the placenta and for the suppression of follicle maturation during pregnancy

85
Q

what happens if pregnancy does not occur, in refards to the corpus lutem

A

it degenerates into scar tissue known as corpus albicans

AP Lab WInter (9 decks)

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