9/5/13

Question 1

What are the three types of arteries

Answer 1

Elastic, muscular, small

Question 2

What cells are recruited to the intima during intimal thickening

Answer 2

smooth muscle cells

Question 3

Hardening of the arteries is called

Answer 3

arteriosclerosis

Question 4

What are the three types of arteriosclerosis?

Answer 4

Arterioloscelrosis, Monceberg medial calcific sclerosis, atherosclerosis

Question 5

A mature atherosclerotic plaque includes what?

Answer 5

Necrotic center with fibrous cap

Question 6

What are four ways atherosclerosis can affect the vessels

Answer 6

occlusion, hemorrhage and thrombogenesis, atheromembolus, aortic dissection or aneurysms

Question 7

Risk factors for atheromsclerosis is (additive/multiplicative)

Answer 7

Multiplicative

Question 8

Because of this, individuals can develop accelerated atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease by 20 years of age

Answer 8

Hypercholesterolemia

Question 9

Which protein may be an equal or better indicator of athersclerosis than LDL level

Answer 9

C-reactive protein

Question 10

Explain the development of a fatty streak

Answer 10

endothelial injury–> permeability allows LDL to enter intima–> LDL oxidized–> Macrophages engulf LDL–> free radical produced inhibit NO–> loss of vasodilation leading to shear stress–> these factors lead to an increase in adhesive properties binding platelets–> adhesion molecules also bind more monocytes which mature into macrophages–> macrohphages engulf more lipid forming foam cells–> macrophages also bind pathogen-like molecules that leads to the release of cytokines, chemokines and free radicals that attract more monocytes–> also present to T-cells which release IFNgamma–> leads to the release of IL-1 and TNF–> activates acute phase proteins like C-reactive protein

Question 11

Explain how a mature plaque is formed

Answer 11

IFNgamma from T-cells and PDGF from platelet cells recruits the smooth muscle cells to the intima–> once there they start secreting collagen and proteoglycans to form fibrous cap–> continued inflammation and lipid uptake will eventually cause death of the foam cells, forming lipid debris

Question 12

In atherosclerosis what part of the plaque if weak can lead to it being unstable

Answer 12

fibrous cap

Question 13

Statins can do what to plaques

Answer 13

They can stabilize them

Question 14

95% of hypertension is this

Answer 14

idiopathic

Question 15

What type of arteriosclerosis leads to onion skin lesions because of the laminated arteriolar wall?

Answer 15

hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis

Question 16

What type of arteriosclerosis occurs when there is an excess of ECM produced by the smooth muscle cells, found in the kidneys and in elderly patients

Answer 16

Hyaline arteriosclerosis