8/21/13

Question 1

A genetically meaningful family history includes at least how many generations of family?

Answer 1

3

Question 2

Consanguinity increases the likelihood of ________

Answer 2

rare and ultra rare autosomal recessive disorders

Question 3

Forbids using genetic information to deny health insurance, but does not apply to life insurance or disability insurance

Answer 3

GINA, 2008

Question 4

A decrease in cell size

Answer 4

atrophy

Question 5

An increase in cell size

Answer 5

hypertrophy

Question 6

An increase in mitosis that results in a greater number of cells

Answer 6

hyperplasia

Question 7

A change in the state of differentiation of a cell in response to a stress

Answer 7

metaplasia

Question 8

In response to stress, lower esophagus changes from stratified squamous to columnar cells like stomach and intestinal mucosa

Answer 8

Barett’s Esophagus

Question 9

Cell injury most often affects these 5 cellular targets

Answer 9

cell membranes, ER, mitochondria, genetic apparatus, cytoskeleton

Question 10

Cell injury nearly always involves these 3 key biochemical events

Answer 10

loss of calcium homeostasis, ATP is depleted, and generation of oxygen-derived free radicals

Question 11

Mechanism of hypertrophy

Answer 11

receptor mediated gene activation leading to increased synthesis of structural proteins

Question 12

Increased mitosis and DNA synthesis is the mechanism for this

Answer 12

hyperplasia

Question 13

What keeps the calcium concentration higher outside the cell?

Answer 13

Ca, Mg-ATPase

Question 14

How does the increase in intracellular Ca due to cell injury affect the cell?

Answer 14

Activate proteases and phospholipases which damage the cell and organelle membranes, leads to the degradation of stores of ATP by ATPase, and activate endonucleases which begin to fragment nucleic acids

Question 15

Low oxygen and high AMP levels in anaerobic conditions lead to an increase in the activity of these enzymes

Answer 15

phosphofructokinase and lactate dehydrogenase

Question 16

Name three types of molecules that help prevent free radical accumulation in the body

Answer 16

Scavenger enzymes, GSH peroxiades, antioxidants

Question 17

3 targets of free radical injury

Answer 17

single strand breaks in DNA, protein crosslinking, lipid peroxidation of membranes

Question 18

Two ways for chemical injuries

Answer 18

Direct combination, conversion

Question 19

How does carbon tetrachloride affect liver cells

Answer 19

It is converted to a free radical by P450 in the membrane of the smooth ER, the free radical then attacks the membrane (lipid peroxidation) which leads to more free radicals. The RER swells and ribosomes leave and so there are less apoproteins, which leads to the accumulation of triglycerides in the hepatocytes.

Question 20

Loos of blood supply due to impeded arterial flow or reduced venous drainage

Answer 20

Ischemia

Question 21

Oxygen deficiency

Answer 21

Hypoxia

Question 22

Causes of hypoxia besides ischemia

Answer 22

respiratory insufficiency, tumor growth, CO poisoning, anemia

Question 23

Why is ischemia worse than the other causes of hypoxia?

Answer 23

The blockage of glycolytic substrates

Question 24

Calcified mitochondria, chromatin clumping in the nucleus, and cytoskeleton damage may signify

Answer 24

Cell death

Question 25

Alcoholic cirrhosis can cause mitchondria to become____

Answer 25

Megamitochondria

Question 26

Swelling of the nucleus leads to fading, which is called____

Answer 26

Karyolysis

Question 27

Darkening in nucleus due to chromatin condensing is called______

Answer 27

Pynknosis

Question 28

Breaking up of the nucleus

Answer 28

Karyorrhexis

Question 29

Karyolysis, Pynknosis, and Karyorrhexis in the nucleus indicate_____

Answer 29

Cell death

Question 30

Mitochondrial change that triggers cell apoptosis

Answer 30

leakage of cytochrome c