9๊ณผ (4A) Flashcards

1
Q

A/V ๊ฑฐ๋“ (์š”)

A

if/when (~used to respond to a question/statement/provide a reason/thinking)

  • used when expected โ€œconditionsโ€ or โ€œsuppositionsโ€ of the circumstances of the following clause (expressing reasons)
    ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์—†๊ฑฐ๋“  ๋‹ค์Œ์ฃผ ํšŒ์‹๋•Œ ์™€์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
    ๋ฐ”์œ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋“  ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ์ฃผ์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค
    ํ•œ๊ตญ์— ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋“  ๊ผญ ๊น€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋จน์–ด ๋ณด๋„๋ก ํ•˜์„ธ์š”
    -often followed by expressions like: (์œผ)์„ธ์š”, ์•„/์–ด์š”, (์œผ)ใ„น๊นŒ์š” ๋“ฑ:
    ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์˜ค๊ฑฐ๋“  ๊ทธ๋•Œ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
    ์ฐฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋“  ์ œ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
    ๋จผ์ € ์ง‘์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋“  ์ €๋… ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด.
  • used when expressing suppositions as background information followed by imperatives or requests ( -๊ฑฐ๋“  vs -(์œผ)๋ฉด )
    ์˜ˆ) ์˜ท์ด ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋“ /์•Š์œผ๋ฉด ์–ธ์ œ๋“ ์ง€ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Ÿฌ ์˜ค์„ธ์š”.
    ์•„์นจ์— ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ฑฐ๋“  ํ•™๊ต์— ์ง€๊ฐํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. X (canโ€™t use with ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”-not an order, suggestion)
    vs
    ์•„์นจ์— ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฉด ํ•™๊ต์— ์ง€๊ฐํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. O (can use with anything)
  • past tense -> ์•˜/์—ˆ ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š” / future tense -> (์œผ)ใ„น ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
    ( ์ข‹๋‹ค -> ์ข‹๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. / ์ข‹์•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. / ์ข‹์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
    ์žˆ๋‹ค -> ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. / ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. / ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
    ๊ฐ€๋‹ค -> ๊ฐ€๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. / ๊ฐ”๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. / ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
    ๋จน๋‹ค -> ๋จน๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. / ๋จน์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ๋จน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. )
  • with nouns -> (์ด)๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š” / ์˜€๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
    ( ํ•™์ƒ -> ํ•™์ƒ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
    ์žฅ๋งˆ์ฒ  -> ์žฅ๋งˆ์ฒ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
    ์ผ์š”์ผ -> ์ผ์š”์ผ์ด๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. )
  • A/V-๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š” is used to respond to a question or statement to provide the reason or thinking.
  • A/V-๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š” is only used in casual speaking form between friends or peers, not used in written form or formal speaking.
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2
Q

A/V ์•˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด/์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด

A

If I hadโ€ฆ I would haveโ€ฆ (~assume a past situation opposite to what happened/hypothesize a last situation opposite to what actually happened)

  • used when thinking back on a past fact or event and expressing supposition that โ€œifโ€ the past had been different, the result also would have been different
    ์˜ˆ) ๊ทธ๋ถ„์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ผ.
    ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด 5๋ถ„๋งŒ ๋” ์žˆ์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ.
    ์–ด์ œ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๋†€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜ ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ์•ˆ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์„ ํ…๋ฐ.
  • โ€œifโ€ the past event had been different, the result would have been either regretable or fortunate depending on the context
    ์˜ˆ) ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋ง์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
    ( A: ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋งค์ง„๋˜์—ˆ๋„ค์š”.
    B: ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ๋งคํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
    A: The tickets are all sold out.
    B: If we had bought them in advance, we could have seen the movie )
    ( ์•ˆ๋‚˜ ์”จ ์ƒ์ผ์ด์—์š”? ์ƒ์ผ์ธ ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ–ˆ์„ ํ…๋ฐ์š”.
    Itโ€™s Annaโ€™s birthday? If I had known that, I would have prepared a gift. )
    ( ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ปธ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
    If I had been taller, I would have been a model. )
    ( ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์‚ฐ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ํ…๋ฐ. If I had heard the forecast in the morning, I wouldnโ€™t have gone hiking. )
  • ์•˜/์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด is often used with these endings: -์•˜/์—ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”, ์•˜/์—ˆ์„ ํ…๋ฐ, and -(์œผ)ใ„น ๋ป”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค
    ( ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ํฐ์ผ ๋‚  ๋ป”ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”. - If you hadnโ€™t gone to the hospital quickly, it would had been a big deal. )
    ( ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ์šด์ „ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. - If I had driven slowly, the accident wouldnโ€™t have been occurred. )
    ( ๊ณต๋ถ€ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ–ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ž˜ ๋ดค์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”. - If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam. )
  • ์•˜/์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด can be replaced with -์•˜/์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด or -์•˜/์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด
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3
Q

A/V (์œผ)ใ…

A

notifications/announcements (there is no conversation going on)

  • used when recording facts in โ€œdocumented styleโ€ (written language)
    ( ์˜ค์ „ 10์‹œ์— 110 ํ˜ธ์—์„œ ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ. - There is a meeting in room 110 at 10 am. )
    ( ์Šคํ‹ฐ๋ธ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ฐ๋ฝํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•จ. - Steven called twice and said he would call back. )
    ( ๊ณต์‚ฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹น๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์˜์—…์„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Œ. - The shop is closed for the time being due to construction. )
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4
Q

A-(์œผ)ใ„ด ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค / V-๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค

A

It looks likeโ€ฆ / It seems likeโ€ฆ
(an expression used to guess the content of preceding statement)

( ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ผ์—ˆ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š˜์ด ํ๋ฆฐ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ณง ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๋“ฏํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. - There were a lot of clouds and the sky was cloudy so it looked like it was going to rain soon. )
- like grammar ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค ( A-(์œผ)ใ„ด ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค = A-(์œผ)ใ„ด ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค, V-๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค = V-๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค )
( ์˜ˆ: ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋„๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ž ์„ ์ž๋Š” ๋“ฏํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
= ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋„๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ž ์„์ž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
No matter how many times I make a phone call, it seems like he/she is sleeping)
( ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œํ—˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ํ’€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋“ฏํ•˜๋‹ค.
= ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹œํ—˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ด์— ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ํ’€์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
It seems that the questions are difficult because the students did not solve all the questions within the test time. )

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