9๊ณผ (4A) Flashcards
A/V ๊ฑฐ๋ (์)
if/when (~used to respond to a question/statement/provide a reason/thinking)
- used when expected โconditionsโ or โsuppositionsโ of the circumstances of the following clause (expressing reasons)
๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์๊ฑฐ๋ ๋ค์์ฃผ ํ์๋ ์์ ๋ง๋ ๋ณด์ธ์.
๋ฐ์ ์ผ์ด ์๊ธฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ฐ๋ฝ์ ์ฃผ์ญ์์ค
ํ๊ตญ์ ๊ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ผญ ๊น์น๋ฅผ ๋จน์ด ๋ณด๋๋ก ํ์ธ์
-often followed by expressions like: (์ผ)์ธ์, ์/์ด์, (์ผ)ใน๊น์ ๋ฑ:
๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ค๊ฑฐ๋ ๊ทธ๋ ์ถ๋ฐํ์ธ์.
์ฐฌ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ์ธ์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ ํด ์ฃผ์ธ์.
๋จผ์ ์ง์ ๋์ฐฉํ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ ๋ ์์ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค๋นํ๊ณ ์์ด. - used when expressing suppositions as background information followed by imperatives or requests ( -๊ฑฐ๋ vs -(์ผ)๋ฉด )
์) ์ท์ด ๋ง์ง ์๊ฑฐ๋ /์์ผ๋ฉด ์ธ์ ๋ ์ง ๋ฐ๊พธ๋ฌ ์ค์ธ์.
์์นจ์ ๋ฆ๊ฒ ์ผ์ด๋๊ฑฐ๋ ํ๊ต์ ์ง๊ฐํ ๊ฑฐ์์. X (canโt use with ์ ๊ฑฐ์์-not an order, suggestion)
vs
์์นจ์ ๋ฆ๊ฒ ์ผ์ด๋๋ฉด ํ๊ต์ ์ง๊ฐํ ๊ฑฐ์์. O (can use with anything) - past tense -> ์/์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์ / future tense -> (์ผ)ใน ๊ฑฐ๋ ์
( ์ข๋ค -> ์ข๊ฑฐ๋ ์. / ์ข์๊ฑฐ๋ ์. / ์ข์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์.
์๋ค -> ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์. / ์์๊ฑฐ๋ ์. / ์์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์.
๊ฐ๋ค -> ๊ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ์. / ๊ฐ๊ฑฐ๋ ์. / ๊ฐ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์.
๋จน๋ค -> ๋จน๊ฑฐ๋ ์. / ๋จน์๊ฑฐ๋ ์. ๋จน์ ๊ฑฐ๋ ์. ) - with nouns -> (์ด)๊ฑฐ๋ ์ / ์๊ฑฐ๋ ์
( ํ์ -> ํ์์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ์.
์ฅ๋ง์ฒ -> ์ฅ๋ง์ฒ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ์.
์ผ์์ผ -> ์ผ์์ผ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ ์. ) - A/V-๊ฑฐ๋ ์ is used to respond to a question or statement to provide the reason or thinking.
- A/V-๊ฑฐ๋ ์ is only used in casual speaking form between friends or peers, not used in written form or formal speaking.
A/V ์๋๋ผ๋ฉด/์๋๋ผ๋ฉด
If I hadโฆ I would haveโฆ (~assume a past situation opposite to what happened/hypothesize a last situation opposite to what actually happened)
- used when thinking back on a past fact or event and expressing supposition that โifโ the past had been different, the result also would have been different
์) ๊ทธ๋ถ์ ๋์์ด ์์๋๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ณต๋ถ๋ฅผ ๊ณ์ํ ์ ์์์์ง๋ ๋ชฐ๋ผ.
๋ํํ ์๊ฐ์ด 5๋ถ๋ง ๋ ์์๋๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ํ ์ ์์๋๋ฐ.
์ด์ ๋ฐ์์ ์ค๋ซ๋์ ๋์ง ์์ ๋๋ผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์ ์ ๊ฑธ๋ ธ์ ํ ๋ฐ. - โifโ the past event had been different, the result would have been either regretable or fortunate depending on the context
์) ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ง์ ๋ค์๋๋ผ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฐ ์ค์๋ฅผ ํ์ง ์์์ ๊ฑฐ์ผ.
( A: ํ๊ฐ ๋ชจ๋ ๋งค์ง๋์๋ค์.
B: ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์๋งคํ๋๋ผ๋ฉด ์ํ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ ์์์ ๊ฑฐ์์.
A: The tickets are all sold out.
B: If we had bought them in advance, we could have seen the movie )
( ์๋ ์จ ์์ผ์ด์์? ์์ผ์ธ ์ค ์์๋๋ผ๋ฉด ์ ๋ฌผ์ ์ค๋นํ์ ํ ๋ฐ์.
Itโs Annaโs birthday? If I had known that, I would have prepared a gift. )
( ์ ๊ฐ ํค๊ฐ ์ปธ๋๋ผ๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด ๋์์ ๊ฑฐ์์.
If I had been taller, I would have been a model. )
( ์์นจ์ ์ผ๊ธฐ์๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ค์๋๋ผ๋ฉด ์ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ง ์์์ ํ ๋ฐ. If I had heard the forecast in the morning, I wouldnโt have gone hiking. ) - ์/์๋๋ผ๋ฉด is often used with these endings: -์/์์ ๊ฑฐ์์, ์/์์ ํ
๋ฐ, and -(์ผ)ใน ๋ปํ๋ค
( ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ณ์์ ๊ฐ์ง ์์๋๋ผ๋ฉด ํฐ์ผ ๋ ๋ปํ์ด์. - If you hadnโt gone to the hospital quickly, it would had been a big deal. )
( ์ฒ์ฒํ ์ด์ ํ๋๋ผ๋ฉด ์ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋์ง ์์์ ๊ฑฐ์์. - If I had driven slowly, the accident wouldnโt have been occurred. )
( ๊ณต๋ถ ์ด์ฌํ ํ๋๋ผ๋ฉด ์ํ์ ์ ๋ดค์ ๊ฑฐ์์. - If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam. ) - ์/์๋๋ผ๋ฉด can be replaced with -์/์๋ค๋ฉด or -์/์์ผ๋ฉด
A/V (์ผ)ใ
notifications/announcements (there is no conversation going on)
- used when recording facts in โdocumented styleโ (written language)
( ์ค์ 10์์ 110 ํธ์์ ํ์๊ฐ ์์. - There is a meeting in room 110 at 10 am. )
( ์คํฐ๋ธ ์จ๊ฐ ๋ ๋ฒ ์ ํํ๊ณ ๋ค์ ์ฐ๋ฝํ๋ค๊ณ ํจ. - Steven called twice and said he would call back. )
( ๊ณต์ฌ ๋๋ฌธ์ ๋น๋ถ๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ์์ ์ํ์ง ์์. - The shop is closed for the time being due to construction. )
A-(์ผ)ใด ๋ฏํ๋ค / V-๋ ๋ฏํ๋ค
It looks likeโฆ / It seems likeโฆ
(an expression used to guess the content of preceding statement)
( ๊ตฌ๋ฆ์ด ๋ง์ด ๋ผ์๊ณ ํ๋์ด ํ๋ฆฐ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ ๊ณง ๋น๊ฐ ์ฌ ๋ฏํฉ๋๋ค. - There were a lot of clouds and the sky was cloudy so it looked like it was going to rain soon. )
- like grammar ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค ( A-(์ผ)ใด ๋ฏํ๋ค = A-(์ผ)ใด ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค, V-๋ ๋ฏํ๋ค = V-๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค )
( ์: ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ฑธ์ด๋๋ฐ์ง ์๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ ์ ์ ์๋ ๋ฏํฉ๋๋ค.
= ์ ํ๋ฅผ ์๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ฑธ์ด๋๋ฐ์ง ์๋ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ ์ ์์๋ ๊ฒ ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ค.
No matter how many times I make a phone call, it seems like he/she is sleeping)
( ํ์๋ค์ด ์ํ ์๊ฐ ๋ด์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ค ํ์ง ๋ชปํ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๋ฏํ๋ค.
= ํ์๋ค์ด ์ํ ์๊ฐ ๋ด์ ๋ฌธ์ ๋ฅผ ๋ค ํ์ง ๋ชปํ ๊ฑธ ๋ณด๋ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋ค.
It seems that the questions are difficult because the students did not solve all the questions within the test time. )