11๊ณผ Flashcards
A/V- ๋๋ผ๊ณ (์)
I saw/heard/witnessesed/experienced that โฆ (expressing recollection; to express recollection that the speaker directly saw, heard or felt some prior event or action)
ํ๊ตญ์์ ์ฌํ์ ํด ๋ณด๋๊น ํ๊ตญ์๋ ์ ๋ง ์ฐ์ด ๋ง๋๋ผ๊ณ ์. (I directly saw thatโฆ )
ํ๊ต ์์ ์๋ก ์๊ธด ์ปคํผ์์ ์ปคํผ ๋ง์ด ๊ฝค ๊ด์ฐฎ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์ (from direct experience I know thatโฆ )
- short form -> ๋๋ผ
(์ท์ด ์ฐธ ์์๋๋ผ)
-with nouns itโs N(์ด)๋๋ผ๊ณ ์
(ํ์์ด๋๋ผ๊ณ ์, ์์ฌ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์)
- this expression refers to sth the speaker directly saw/heard etc so the subject of the sentence cannot be in 1st person
(๋๋ ํด์ธ๋ก ์ฌํ์ ๊ฐ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์ X
-> ๊ฐ์ด์ O )
-only used to state sth speaker learnt for the first time, not sth already known
์ ๊ณ ํฅ์ ๊ฐ์ด ๋ง๋๋ผ๊ณ ์ X
-> ๋ง์์ O (because the fact is previously known by the speaker)
- 1st person used when expressing personโs mood, emotions, feelings.
๋น๊ฐ ์ค๋ฉด (์ ๋) ์ฐ์ธํ๋๋ผ๊ณ ์
-if 3rd person -> must be used with the form A+์/์ดํ๋ค
๊ทธ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๊ณ ์ด๋จธ๋๊ฐ ์์ํดํ์๋๋ผ๊ณ ์.
- referring to things in the past -> ์/์๋๋ผ๊ณ ์
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋์ฐฉํ๋๊น ๋์ด ์ค๋๋ผ๊ณ ์
(it was snowing when I arrived- recollection of seeing snow falling)
vs
์ผ๋ณธ์ ๋์ฐฉํ๋๊น ๋์ด ์๋๋ผ๊ณ ์
(it had already snowed/the snow was there when I arrived- recollection of seeing that snow had already fallen)
N์น๊ณ
For a (noun).../As a (noun).. used to say that sth or sb is "without exception" the same as the predicate / the noun is the exceptional example within its group (expressing situations and standards)
-normally used in negational and rhetorical sentences
(ํ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋์น๊ณ ๊น์น๋ฅผ ์ซ์ดํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ์์ด์.
= ํ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋์น๊ณ ๊น์น๋ฅผ ์ซ์ดํ๋ ์ฌ๋์ด ์๊ฒ ์ด์?)
-this expression attaches to nouns and is used to indicate that something is the case in every instance of that noun. In most cases, either a negative or rhetorical statement follows the expression.
( ๋จ์ ์์ด์น๊ณ ๋ก๋ด์ ์ ์ข์ํ๋ ์์ด๊ฐ ์ด๋ ์๊ฒ ์ด์?
For a boy at that age, is there any boy who wouldnโt like robots? )
- this expression attaches to nouns to indicate that the noun is an exceptional example when its general qualities or characteristics are considered. It can be emphasized by adding ๋ to the end of ์น๊ณ .
( ๊ทธ ์ ์๋ ์ด๋ ์ ์์น๊ณ ๋ชธ์ด ๋๋ฌด ์์ ํด์. - For an athlete, his body is too small.)
(์ ์ ๊ต์ก์ ๋ฐ์ง ์์ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ
๊ทธ๋ฆผ์น๊ณ ๋ ๊ต์ฅํ ํ๋ฅญํ๋ค์. - As a work painted by someone who hasnโt received a formal education, this is very impressive.)
- the meaning of this expression can also be emphasized by the addition of ์ to form ์น๊ณ ์.
(์์ฆ ๋ํ์์น๊ณ ์ ์ทจ์
์คํธ๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ์ง ์๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์์ง์.
For university students these days, there is not a single person who does not experience the stress of finding a job.)
A-๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ N์์/N(์ผ)๋ก ์ ์ ์๋ค
V-ใด/๋๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ N์์/N(์ผ)๋ก ์ ์ ์๋ค
That โฆ can be seen from the fact/is indicated by/is shown by/can be determined that โฆ
(this expression is used to indicate the cause or rationale for an already known result or situation)
- we can see the evidence
( ๊ทธ๊ฐ ๋์ด ๋ง๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ์ ๋น์ผ ์๋์ฐจ๋ก ์ ์ ์๋ค. - That he has a lot of money is shown by his expensive cars. = he has a lot of $ which can be seen by the fact that he drives expensive cars )
( ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ ๊ฐ ์ฝ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋ชจ๋ ํ์๋ค์ด 90 ์ ์ด์์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. - That the problem is easy is evident from the fact that all students scored 90 or higher. = You can see that the problem is easy in that all students got a score of 90 or higher. )
( ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฐ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ํ ํฝ 6 ๊ธ์ ๋ฐ์ ๊ฒ์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. - That she is good at Korean can be seen from the fact that she received the 6th level of TOPIK. = It can be seen that she speaks/knows Korean well from the fact that she received the 6th level of TOPIK. ) - used when expressing proof of, or basis for, a result that has already occurred or a situation that has become known:
๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋์ด ๋ง๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋น์ผ ๋์์ด๋ ์ท์ผ๋ก ์ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ทธ ๋ ธ๋๊ฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์์ด๋ค๋ ๊ทธ ๋ ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ๋ฅผ ์ค ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค.
๊ฑฐ์ง๋ง์ ํ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์
ํ๋์ผ๋ก๋ ์ ์ ์๋ค. Lying can be determined by the personโs actions.
์ฌ๋์ ์ฑ๊ฒฉ์ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋งํ๋ ํ๋์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค. A personโs character can be determined by the way they speak. - you can reverse the sentence (?)
The order of the first two constituents may be exchanged to make โ์์ - ๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์๋คโ (you can tell that โฆ) :
( ๋ด์ด ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฝ์ด ํ ๊ฒ์์ ์ ์ ์๋ค.
The arrival of spring can be known from the blooming of flowers. )
vs
( ๊ฝ์ด ํ ๊ฒ์์ ๋ด์ด ์๋ค๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ ์ ์๋ค.
You can tell that spring has come from the flowers blooming. )
N์ ์ํ๋ฉด
according to.. (ends with ๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค)
expressing citations and quotations
- with nouns like: ๋ด์ค์, ์๋ฌธ์,
์ ๋ฌธ์, ์ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์, โฆ ๋ง์์, ์ผ๊ธฐ
์๋ณด์, ๋ฑ - must be followed by indirect quotation:
์ผ๊ธฐ ์๋ณด์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๋ด์ผ ๋น๊ฐ ์ฌ ๊ฒ์ด๋ค. (X)
-> ์ผ๊ธฐ ์๋ณด์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๋ด์ผ ๋น๊ฐ ์ฌ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค (0) - Used when attributing to someone indirectly quoted information, or expressing the source of something that one has come to know.
( ์ ์๋ ๋ง์์ ์ํ๋ฉด ์ด๋ฒ ์ํ์ ์ฝ์ง ์์ ๊ฒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. - According to the teacher, this test will not be easy. )
( ์๋ฌธ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ค์ ๋ฌ์ ๊ฒฐํผ ํ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. - According to the rumor these two people are getting married next month )
( ์ ๋ถ ๋ฐํ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๋ค์ ๋ฌ๋ถํฐ ์ ๊ธฐ ์๊ธ์ด ์ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ ํ๋ค. -According to the government announcement, electricity fee will go up from next month )
( ์ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์ฌ์ ์ํ๋ฉด ์คํธ๋ ์ค๋ฅผ ๋ง์ด ๋ฐ์ผ๋ฉด ์ง๋ณ์ ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ๋ฅ ์ด ๋์์ง๋ค๊ณ ํ๋ค. -
According to a newspaper article, if you are under a lot of stress, you are more likely to get sick. ) - can be replaced with ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด interchangeably
( ์ต๊ทผ ๋ด์ค์ ์ํ๋ฉด ๋ค์ ๋ฌ๋ถํฐ ํ์ ์๊ธ์ด ์ค๋ฅธ๋ค๊ณ ํฉ๋๋ค.
= ์ต๊ทผ ๋ด์ค์ ๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋ค์ ๋ฌ๋ถํฐ ํ์ ์๊ธ์ด ์ค๋ฅธ๋ค๊ณ ํฉ๋๋ค.
According to the latest news, taxi fares will increase from next month. ) - mostly used in formal situations or written language