11๊ณผ Flashcards

1
Q

A/V- ๋”๋ผ๊ณ (์š”)

A

I saw/heard/witnessesed/experienced that โ€ฆ (expressing recollection; to express recollection that the speaker directly saw, heard or felt some prior event or action)

ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์‚ฐ์ด ๋งŽ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”. (I directly saw thatโ€ฆ )
ํ•™๊ต ์•ž์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ปคํ”ผ์ˆ์˜ ์ปคํ”ผ ๋ง›์ด ๊ฝค ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š” (from direct experience I know thatโ€ฆ )
- short form -> ๋”๋ผ
(์˜ท์ด ์ฐธ ์˜ˆ์˜๋”๋ผ)
-with nouns itโ€™s N(์ด)๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”
(ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”, ์˜์‚ฌ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”)
- this expression refers to sth the speaker directly saw/heard etc so the subject of the sentence cannot be in 1st person
(๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•ด์™ธ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š” X
-> ๊ฐ”์–ด์š” O )
-only used to state sth speaker learnt for the first time, not sth already known
์ œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์€ ๊ฐ•์ด ๋งŽ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š” X
-> ๋งŽ์•„์š” O (because the fact is previously known by the speaker)
- 1st person used when expressing personโ€™s mood, emotions, feelings.
๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฉด (์ €๋Š”) ์šฐ์šธํ•˜๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”
-if 3rd person -> must be used with the form A+์•„/์–ดํ•˜๋‹ค
๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์†์ƒํ•ดํ•˜์‹œ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
- referring to things in the past -> ์•˜/์—ˆ๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”
์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์˜ค๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”
(it was snowing when I arrived- recollection of seeing snow falling)
vs
์ผ๋ณธ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์™”๋”๋ผ๊ณ ์š”
(it had already snowed/the snow was there when I arrived- recollection of seeing that snow had already fallen)

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2
Q

N์น˜๊ณ 

A
For a (noun).../As a (noun)..
used to say that sth or sb is "without exception" the same as the predicate / the noun is the exceptional example within its group (expressing situations and standards) 

-normally used in negational and rhetorical sentences
(ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์น˜๊ณ  ๊น€์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
= ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์น˜๊ณ  ๊น€์น˜๋ฅผ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?)
-this expression attaches to nouns and is used to indicate that something is the case in every instance of that noun. In most cases, either a negative or rhetorical statement follows the expression.
( ๋‚จ์ž ์•„์ด์น˜๊ณ  ๋กœ๋ด‡์„ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
For a boy at that age, is there any boy who wouldnโ€™t like robots? )
- this expression attaches to nouns to indicate that the noun is an exceptional example when its general qualities or characteristics are considered. It can be emphasized by adding ๋Š” to the end of ์น˜๊ณ .
( ๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜์น˜๊ณ  ๋ชธ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์™œ์†Œ ํ•ด์š”. - For an athlete, his body is too small.)
(์ •์‹ ๊ต์œก์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ
๊ทธ๋ฆผ์น˜๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•˜๋„ค์š”. - As a work painted by someone who hasnโ€™t received a formal education, this is very impressive.)
- the meaning of this expression can also be emphasized by the addition of ์„œ to form ์น˜๊ณ ์„œ.
(์š”์ฆ˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์น˜๊ณ ์„œ ์ทจ์—… ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์—†์ง€์š”.
For university students these days, there is not a single person who does not experience the stress of finding a job.)

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3
Q

A-๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ N์—์„œ/N(์œผ)๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค
V-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ N์—์„œ/N(์œผ)๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค

A

That โ€ฆ can be seen from the fact/is indicated by/is shown by/can be determined that โ€ฆ
(this expression is used to indicate the cause or rationale for an already known result or situation)

  • we can see the evidence
    ( ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋น„์‹ผ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. - That he has a lot of money is shown by his expensive cars. = he has a lot of $ which can be seen by the fact that he drives expensive cars )
    ( ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด 90 ์  ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. - That the problem is easy is evident from the fact that all students scored 90 or higher. = You can see that the problem is easy in that all students got a score of 90 or higher. )
    ( ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ† ํ”ฝ 6 ๊ธ‰์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. - That she is good at Korean can be seen from the fact that she received the 6th level of TOPIK. = It can be seen that she speaks/knows Korean well from the fact that she received the 6th level of TOPIK. )
  • used when expressing proof of, or basis for, a result that has already occurred or a situation that has become known:
    ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์‹ผ ๋””์ž์ด๋„ˆ ์˜ท์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    ๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋„ ๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ค„ ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜
    ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Lying can be determined by the personโ€™s actions.
    ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. A personโ€™s character can be determined by the way they speak.
  • you can reverse the sentence (?)
    The order of the first two constituents may be exchanged to make โ€œ์—์„œ - ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹คโ€ (you can tell that โ€ฆ) :
    ( ๋ด„์ด ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ•€ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    The arrival of spring can be known from the blooming of flowers. )
    vs
    ( ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ•€ ๊ฒƒ์—์„œ ๋ด„์ด ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
    You can tell that spring has come from the flowers blooming. )
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4
Q

N์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด

A

according to.. (ends with ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค)
expressing citations and quotations

  • with nouns like: ๋‰ด์Šค์—, ์†Œ๋ฌธ์—,
    ์‹ ๋ฌธ์—, ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—, โ€ฆ ๋ง์”€์—, ์ผ๊ธฐ
    ์˜ˆ๋ณด์—, ๋“ฑ
  • must be followed by indirect quotation:
    ์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. (X)
    -> ์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค (0)
  • Used when attributing to someone indirectly quoted information, or expressing the source of something that one has come to know.
    ( ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜ ๋ง์”€์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹œํ—˜์€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. - According to the teacher, this test will not be easy. )
    ( ์†Œ๋ฌธ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์— ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ํ•  ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. - According to the rumor these two people are getting married next month )
    ( ์ •๋ถ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ „๊ธฐ ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. -According to the government announcement, electricity fee will go up from next month )
    ( ์‹ ๋ฌธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ์งˆ๋ณ‘์— ๊ฑธ๋ฆด ํ™•๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค. -
    According to a newspaper article, if you are under a lot of stress, you are more likely to get sick. )
  • can be replaced with ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด interchangeably
    ( ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ์˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒ์‹œ ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    = ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋‰ด์Šค์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํƒ์‹œ ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
    According to the latest news, taxi fares will increase from next month. )
  • mostly used in formal situations or written language
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