9/4/13 Flashcards
Neurotransmitter at the ganglion
Acetylcholine (Nicotinic receptors)
Neurotransmitter at neuromuscular synapse
Acetylcholine (nicototinic receptors)
Neurotransmitter at sympathetic postganglion synapse
norepinephrine (alpha/beta receptors)–> except at sweat glands (acetylcholine, nicotinic receptors) and adrenal medulla (preganglionic, acetylcholine, nicotinic receptors)
Sympathetic fibers come from what regions
Thoracic and lumbar
Parasympathetic fibers come from which regions
Spinal, cranial
Pain and temperature are sensed by which type of afferents of the ANS
sympathetic
The parasympathic afferents sense what
mechano and chemosensory
Receptor that is usually excitatory
aplha 1
Receptor that increases heart rate and contractility and renin release
beta 1
Receptor that leads to smooth muscle relaxation
beta 2
receptor that mediates inhibition of andergenic responses
alpha 2
Sympathetic activation leads to (diffuse/discrete) because its postganglionic fibers are (short/long)
diffuse, long
parasympathetic activation leads to (diffuse/discrete) because its postganglionic fibers are (short/long)
discrete, short
the predominant tone in arterioles, veins, and sweat glands is (parasympathetic/ sympathetic)
sympathetic
Describe the process of how the heart responds to high MAP at the carotid sinus and aortic arch
aortic arch and carotid sinus send signals to the medulla–> medulla sends signals via vagus efferents to slow down heart rate
Describe the process of formation of epinephrine and norepinephrine
tyrosine hydroxlase acts on tyrosine–> DOPA decarboxylates to Dopamine–> dopamine enters vesicle via VMAT and reacts with DBH to form norepinephrine–> adrenal medulla PNMT converts it to epinephrine
What are the degradation products of epinephrine/norepinephrine and dopamine that can be measured in the urine
VMA, HVA
degradation enzyme of the catecholamines found in the mitochondria
MAO
degradation enzyme of the catecholamins found in the cytoplasm of effector cell
COMT
Drugs that inhibit intraneuronal storage in vesicles, deplete NE
Resperine, Guanethidine
Drug that substitutes for NE in storage vesicle, false transmitter
alpha-methyldopa
Drugs that inhibit release of NE
Bretylium, Guanethidine
Drug that release NE from vesicles
Amphetamine, ephedrine, tyramine
Drugs that inhibit reuptake of NE in neuron
Imipramine, amitriptyline
alpha 1 receptor works by this G-protein
Gq
beta 1 and 2 receptors work by this G-protein
Gs
alpha 2 receptor works by this G-protein
Gi (inhibits N-type and P-type calcium channels which are needed for neurotransmitter release)
How do beta 1 receptors work in the heart
Gs–> adenylyl cyclcase converts ATP to cAMP–> cAMP activates PKA–> PKA leads to reactions that eventually lead to the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Dobutamine is an agonist for this receptor
beta 1
metoporol is an antagonist for this receptor
beta 1
terbutaline and albuterol are agonists for this receptor
beta 2
Phenylephrine is an agonist for this receptor
alpha 1
Prazosin is an antagonist for this receptor
alpha 1
Clonidine is an agonist for this receptor
alpha 2
Yohimbine is an agonist for this receptor
alpha 2
Decreased aqueous humor production is a result of this receptor being activated
alpha 2
Increased aqueous humor production is a result of this receptor being activated
beta 2
Order of physiologic regulators for alpha 1 receptor
NE=E>DA» ISO
Order of physiologic regulators for beta 1 receptor
ISO>E=NE>DA
Order of physiologic regulators for alpha 2 receptor
NE>E»>ISO
Order of physiologic regulators for beta 2 receptor
ISO>E»NE
