9/24: Hemodynamics Flashcards
1
Q
- This is blood clotting that prevents excess bleeding after blood vessel damage
A
a. Hemostasis
2
Q
- This is inappropriate clotting
A
a. Thrombosis
3
Q
- This is migration of clots
A
Embolism
4
Q
- Is hyperemia an active or passive process?
A
a. Active
5
Q
- Is congestion an active or passive process?
A
a. Passive
6
Q
- This is an active process, arteriolar dilation, and increased blood flow
A
a. Hyperemia
7
Q
- Red color to blood =
A
a. Oxygenated hemoglobin
8
Q
- This is a passive process, impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue
A
a. Congestion
9
Q
- blue/red color (cyanosis) =
A
a. Deoxygenated hemoglobin
10
Q
- This is the accumulation of intestinal fluid in the tissues
A
a. Edema
11
Q
- This is extravascular fluid that collects in body cavities
A
a. Effusions
12
Q
- Pleura cavity effusion is
A
a. Hydrothorax
13
Q
- Pericardial cavity effusion is
A
a. Hydropericardium
14
Q
- Peritoneal cavity effusion is
A
a. Hydroperitoneum or ascites
15
Q
- This is severe generalized edema due to fluid retention in tissues and cavities
A
Anasarca
16
Q
- What are the causes of edema?
A
a. Increased hydrostatic pressure
b. Reduced plasma osmotic pressure
c. Lymphatic obstruction
d. Sodium retention
e. Inflammation
17
Q
- What 2 pressures dictate fluid movement between vascular and interstitial spaces?
A
a. Vascular hydrostatic pressure
b. Colloid osmotic pressure
18
Q
- Arterial outflow is normally balanced by what?
A
a. Inflow at the venous end
19
Q
- Lymphatic drainage goes through which compartment?
A
a. interstitial
20
Q
- Increased hydrostatic pressure is usually caused by disorders that
A
a. Impaired venous return
21
Q
- What are examples of increased hydrostatic pressure?
A
a. Deep venous thrombosis
b. Congestive heart failure
22
Q
- Reduced plasma osmotic pressure may result from what?
A
a. Los in circulation or reduced synthesis
23
Q
- What are examples of reduced plasma osmotic pressure?
A
a. Nephrotic syndrome
b. Liver disease
24
Q
- This compromises resorption of fluid from interstitial spaces leading to edema
A
a. Lymphatic obstruction
25
25. What can cause lymphatic obstruction?
a. Inflammation
b. Neoplastic condition (like cancer)
c. Congenital lymphedema
26
26. What are the stages of lymphedema?
a. Stage 1 - asymptomatic
b. Stage 2 - swelling
c. Stage 3 - permanent swelling
d. Stage 4 - lymphostatic elephantiasis
27
27. This is extravasation of blood from vessels
a. Hemorrhage
28
28. What can cause hemorrhage?
a. Defective blood clot, trauma, etc...
29
29. This is a large collection of hemorrhage in a tissue
a. Hematoma
30
30. List the sizes of hemorrhage from smallest to largest
a. Petechiae
b. Purpura
c. Ecchymoses
d. hematoma
31
31. Petechiae is often a consequence of what?
a. Thrombocytopenia
b. Vitamin C deficiency
32
32. What cells are the primary regulator of hemostasis?
a. Endothelial cells
33
33. What are the steps of clot formation?
a. Vasoconstriction
b. Platelet plug formation
c. Fibrin deposition
d. Clot stabilization and resorption
34
34. Platelets are fragments of what?
a. Megakaryocytes
35
35. Platelet adhesion is mediated by what?
a. Von willebrand factor
36
36. Congenital deficiency of platelet receptors may lead to
a. Bleeding disorders
37
This is a series of amplifying enzymatic reactions that lead to the deposition of an insoluble fibrin clot
a. Coagulation cascade
38
38. What are the 2 pathways of the coagulation cascade?
a. Intrinsic
b. Extrinsic
39
39. This pathway is spontaneous and caused by internal injury to vascular endothelium
a. Intrinsic pathway
40
40. This pathway is activated by external trauma
a. Extrinsic pathway
41
41. This evaluates intrinsic pathway factors
a. Partial prothrombin time (PTT)
42
42. This evaluates the extrinsic pathway factors
a. Prothrombin time (PT)
43
43. What vitamin is important in coagulation and plays a key role in synthesis
a. Vitamin K
44
44. Vitamin K helps synthesis proteins _____ and ______
a. C and S
45
45. Proteins C and S are important for what?
a. Negative feedback regulation of the clotting cascade
46
46. Vitamin K deficiency causes what?
a. Increased bruising and bleeding
47
47. This is an anticoagulant medication
a. Warfarin
48
48. Warfarin is an antagonist for what?
a. Vitamin K
49
49. What drug inhibits clotting?
a. Warfarin
50
50. This is the most important coagulation factor
a. Thrombin
51
51. Thrombin converts what?
a. Fibrinogen into fibrin
52
52. What does thrombin do?
a. Converts fibrinogen into fibrin
b. Activates platelets
53
53. What factors can limit coagulation?
a. Dilution of blood
b. Negatively charged phospholipids
c. Limits size of clot
54
54. This serves as a barrier to platelets
Endothelium
55
55. What is the endothelium function in coagulation limitation?
a. Serve as barrier to platelets
b. Anticoagulant effects
c. Fibrinolytic effects
56
56. This is an endothelial injury that causes inappropriate clotting
Thrombosis
57
57. Do you have abnormal blood flow with thrombosis?
Yes
58
58. This is the abnormal high tendency for blood to clot
a. Hypercoagulability
59
59. Can thrombosis cause hypercoagulability?
Yes
60
60. What are the types of hypercoagulable disorders?
a. Primary (genetic)
b. Secondary (acquired)
61
61. These can develop anywhere in the cardiovascular system
a. Thrombi
62
62. These thrombi are at the site of injury and rich in platelets
a. Arterial thrombi
63
63. These thrombi are in the heart chamber or aorta
a. Cardiac mural thrombi
64
64. These thrombi are at sites of stasis
a. Venous thrombi
65
65. These are associated with thrombi and differentiate antemortem clots from postmortem clots
a. Lines of zahn
66
66. What thrombi contain high volumes of red blood cells
a. Venous thrombi
67
67. 90% of venous thrombi occur where?
a. In the legs
68
68. What is the process of thrombi?
a. Propagation: clot enlarges
b. Embolization: clot dislodged and moved by circulatory system
c. Dissolution: activation of fibrinolytic factors
d. Organization and recanalization: older thrombi are reorganized
69
69. In these veins, you get local congestion and swelling from impaired venous flow
a. Superficial veins
70
70. What is an example of superficial veins?
a. Varicose veins
71
71. In these veins, you get deep venous thrombosis, larger veins
a. Deep veins
72
72. Which veins may embolize to the lungs and be asymptomatic in 50% of patients?
a. Deep veins
73
73. What is a major cause of arterial and cardiac thrombosis?
a. Atherosclerosis
74
74. This is widespread thrombosis within microcirculation and results in excessive clotting and bleeding
a. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
75
75. What may an embolism be?
a. Solid, liquid, gaseous mass carried by the blood from its point of origin to a distant area
76
76. What is the most common type of embolism?
a. Pulmonary embolism
77
77. This is an area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of the vascular supply or the affected tissue
a. Infarction
78
78. Most infarctions are
a. Arterial thrombosis
b. Embolism
79
79. Infarction is classified according to
a. Color
80
80. Red infarct has what?
a. Hemorrhage in loose tissues
81
81. White infarct has what?
a. Arterial occlusion in solid organs
82
82. In wha organs may you see white infarct?
a. Heart, liver, spleen
83
83. This is a state in which diminished cardiac output or reduced effective circulating blood volume impairs tissue perfusion and leads to cellular hypoxia
Shock
84
84. What are the 3 types of shock?
a. Cardiac
b. Hypovolemic
c. Septic
