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Microbiology Unit 2 > (9-22) Epidemiology (Yay!) > Flashcards

(9-22) Epidemiology (Yay!) Flashcards

1. Explain the importance of John Snow’s work in nineteenth century London. 2. Define epidemiology 3. Define the following: Portal of exit, Portal of entry 4. Define and differentiate between morbidity rate and mortality rate. 5. Define and differentiate between incidence and prevalence. 6. Define: Endemic, Epidemic, Pandemic 7. Define reservoir and give examples. 8. Differentiate between symptomatic infection and asymptomatic carriers. 9. Define zoonoses. 10. Differentiate between hori

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1
Q

Define: Rate

A

Rate is the percentage of a given population that is infected.

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2
Q

Define: Attack Rate

A

Attack Rate is the number of cases developing in group of people exposed.

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3
Q

How is Morbidity rate calculated?

A

Morbidity rate = number of cases of illness divided by the population at risk.

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4
Q

What does the Mortality rate reflect?

A

Mortality rate reflects population that dies from disease.

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5
Q

What does Incidence reflect?

A

Incidence reflects number of new cases per specific time period.

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6
Q

What is Prevalance?

A

Prevalence reflects total number of existing cases.

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7
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

Unusually large number of cases in a population constitutes an epidemic.

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8
Q

When epidemics spread worldwide they are termed what?

A

Pandemics

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9
Q

What is a pathogen’s Portal of Entry?

A

Route by which pathogen enters body.

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10
Q

List 6 major portals of entry.

A
  1. Eyes
  2. Ears
  3. Respiratory tract
  4. Broken skin
  5. Digestive tract
  6. Genitourinary tract
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11
Q

Can disease severity vary based on portal of entry? Elaborate on Yersinia pestis as an example.

A

Yes.

~ Yersinia pestis entry into blood termed bubonic plague: Noncontagious, 50-75% mortality

~ Yersinia pestis entry into lungs termed pneumonic plague: Highly Contagious, <100% mortality

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12
Q

What is vertical transmission of an infectious disease?

A

Transfer of pathogen from mother to fetus

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13
Q

Why is a Portal of Exit necessary?

A

Microbes must leave one host in order to be transmitted to another host.

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14
Q

How are organisms inhabiting the intestinal tract shed?

A

Organisms inhabiting intestinal tract are shed in feces, sometimes in copious amounts of watery diarrhea.
~ ex. Cholera

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15
Q

How are Organisms inhabiting the respiratory tract expelled?

A

Organisms inhabiting respiratory tract are expelled in respiratory droplets of saliva.
~ ex. B. pertussis

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16
Q

How are organisms of the skin shed?

A

Organisms of the skin are shed with skin cells as they slough off.

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17
Q

What are the 2 basic types of transmission of infectious diseases?

A
  1. Vertical
  2. Horozontal
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18
Q

What are teh 3 types of horizontal transmission of an infectious disease?

A
  1. Vehicle transmission – a medium such as air, food, or water
  2. Contact transmission – direct/indirect contact & droplets
  3. Vectors – Animals that carry pathogens from one host to another
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19
Q

What 2 types of mechanical transmission do vectors use to spread disease?

A
  1. Mechanical transmission – passive transport on feet or body parts
  2. Biological transmission – more complex active process
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20
Q

Which 3 vector routes can pathogens be transmitted by?

[Hint: “elemental”]

A
  1. Food
  2. Water
  3. Air
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21
Q

What are the 2 ways that food can become contaminated?

A
  1. Microorganisms can originate with animal
    ~ ex. Salmonella naturally lives on poultry
  2. Organisms can be inadvertently added during food preparation
    ~ ex. Staphylcoccus aureus from improperly washed hands or Salmonella from cross-contamination of cutting boards or knives
22
Q

What can water be contaminated by?

A

Feces

23
Q

Why can waterborne disease outbreaks involve large numbers of people?

A

Municipal water is distributed to large areas.

24
Q

Small Respiratory droplets can be transmitted via what?

A

The air. Smaller droplets can remain suspended indefinitely in presence of light air currents.

25
Q

How can vehicular transmission of pathogens through food, water, and air be prevented?

A
  1. Food: Sound food-handling methods
  2. Water: Chlorination and filtration
  3. Air: HEPA filters
26
Q

Which 2 types of living agents can pathogens can be transmitted through?

A
  1. Humans
  2. Non-human vectors
27
Q

What are the 3 ways that humans spread disease in a vector-like way?

A
  1. Direct contact
  2. Indirect contact
  3. Droplet transmission
28
Q

What are 2 ways that humans spread disease through direct contact, and how can each way be prevented?

A
  1. Hands
    ~ Prevention: Hand washing
  2. Sexual contact
    ~ Prevention: Condoms or absenence
29
Q

What are fomites?

A

Inanimate objects that aid in human disease transmission via indirect contact.

30
Q

What is the preventative measure for diseases that involve indirect contact through fomites?

A

Handwashing

31
Q

How can pathogens be spread via droplet transmission?

A

Microbe-laden respiratory droplets can be inhaled by people within close proximity.

32
Q

What is the most common non-human disease vector?

A

Arthropods– mostly insects, but can also be arachnids.

33
Q

Give 2 examples of disease vectors that carry organisms internally.

A
  1. Tick
  2. Mosquito
34
Q

Give an example of a disease vector that carries organisms externally.

A

Flies

35
Q

How can vector-borne diseases be controlled?

A

By controlling the arthropod population.

36
Q

Define Reservoirs of Infectious Diseases.

A

A reservoir is the natural habitat of a pathogen.

37
Q

Which 3 ways can reservoirs be classified?

A
  1. Human
  2. Non-human animal
  3. Environmental
38
Q

What are the most significant reservoirs of communicable diseases?

A

Infected humans

39
Q

Human reservoirs can serve which 2 functions?

A
  1. Symptomatic infections
  2. Asymptomatic carriers (subclinical or inapparent)
40
Q

What is the term for an individual who harbors pathogen with no ill effects?

A

Asymptomatic carriers (subclinical or inapparent)

41
Q

What is the term for a disease transmitted by non-human animal reservoirs?

A

zoonotic

42
Q

The pathogens that are more difficult or nearly impossible to eliminate have which class of reservoir?

A

Environmental

43
Q

What is a synonym for Nosocomial Infections?

A

Hospital-acquired infections

44
Q

What are the state, national, and world levels of Infectious Disease Surveillance?

A
  1. State: State Public Health Departments
  2. National: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
  3. World: World Health Organization (WHO)
45
Q

What are State Public Health Departments responsible for?

A

Infection surveillance and control

46
Q

Who publishes data in weekly publication - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)?

A

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

47
Q

What 4 tasks does the World Health Organization (WHO) perform?
[G.S.P.T.]

A
  1. Provide worldwide GUIDANCE in the field of health
  2. Set global STANDARDS for health
  3. Cooperatively strengthen national health PROGRAMS.
  4. Develop and transfer appropriate health TECHNOLOGY.
48
Q

What 3 tasks do the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) perform?
[D.C.P.]

A
  1. Can DISPATCH teams worldwide to assist in identification and control of epidemics
  2. COLLECTS data of public health importance
  3. PUBLISHES data in weekly publication - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR
49
Q

What 4 activities have contributed to the reduction and eradication of disease?

A
  1. Hand washing
  2. Improving sanitation
  3. Reservoir and vector control
  4. Vaccination
50
Q

in what 2 ways do diseases emerge?

A
  1. New diseases emerge
  2. Old controlled diseases make a comeback

Microbiology Unit 2 (13 decks)

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