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Microbiology Unit 2 > (8-20) Immune Disorders: Hypersensitivities > Flashcards

(8-20) Immune Disorders: Hypersensitivities Flashcards

1. Define: Hypersensitivity, Allergy, Autoimmune, Immunodeficiency 2. Describe the immunologic reactions involved defense against helminthes. 3. Describe the immunologic reactions involved in type I hypersensitivities. 4. Give an example of localized type I hypersensitivities. 5. Define: Wheal, Flare 6. Give an example of widespread type I hypersensitivities. 7. Define: Anaphylaxis, Anaphylactic shock 8. Describe the immunologic reactions involved in type II hypersensitivities and contras

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1
Q

How many types of hypersensitivities are important in microbiology?

A

Four

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2
Q

What are the 3 possible disorders of the immune system?

A
  1. Hypersensitivities (allergies)
  2. Autoimmunity
  3. Immunodeficiency
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3
Q

What is the immune response that causes tissue injury?

A

Hypersensitivity (allergy)

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4
Q

What causes a response against self-antigens?

A

Autoimmunity

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5
Q

What causes a lack of immunological response?

A

Immunodeficiency

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6
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity involves an immediate response and is IgE-mediated.

A

Type I

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7
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is cytotoxic?

A

Type II

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8
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is immune complex (Ab/Ag)-mediated?

A

Type III

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9
Q

Which type of hypersensitivity is delayed cell-mediated?

A

Type IV

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10
Q

Anaphylactic shock is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type I

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11
Q

Blood transfusion reactions are an example of which type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type II

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12
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation in Gram-negative septicemia is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type III

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13
Q

Tuberculin reaction is an example of which type of hypersensitivity?

A

Type IV

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14
Q

Can large parasites within the gut (ex. helminthes) be phagocytosed? Why or why not?

A

No. When a parasite is larger than a phagocytic cell it is physically impossible for phagocytosis to occur.

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15
Q

How are large parasites within the gut dealt with?

A
  1. Antigen from helminthes penetrates mucosa and binds (two or more) IgE on mast cells
  2. Mast Cells produce inflammation of the mucosal surface
  3. Leads to the “outflow” of antibody, complement, effectors cells of ADCC (NK cells and eosinophils)
  4. Eosinophils produce toxic proteins against helminthes
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16
Q

How do Mast Cells produce inflammation?

A
  1. Mast cells have IgE antibodies on their surface.

2. IgE releases pro-inflammatory compounds (e.g., histamine) when antigen is bound

17
Q

What is the name given for IgE-mediated reaction? What type of reaction is it?

A
  1. Anaphylaxis

2. Type I Hypersensitivity

18
Q

When is anaphylaxis an appropriate response?

A

During a helminth infection.

19
Q

What is Hay Fever?

A

Mast cell degranulation in the respiratory mucosa, due to IgE antibodies (on mast cells) against pollen grains. (Type I)

20
Q

What is another word for Wheal and Flare skin reaction, and what is a common cause?

A

Hives, caused by a Type I hypersensitivity to Lobster.

21
Q

If a sensitized-to antigen (IgE is on mast cells) gets widely disseminated through the entire body (via the blood), the widespread mast cell/basophil degranulation will lead to which 4 events? What is this called?

A

Anaphylactic Shock

1. Inflammation
~ Blood vessel dilation of ALL vessels
2. Rapid drop in blood pressure
3. Lack of blood (oxygen) delivered to critical tissue
4. Death
22
Q

Peanuts, bee stings, and penicillin are antigens that tend to result in what?

A

Anaphylactic Shock, a Type I Hypersensitivity

23
Q

What is the treatment for anaphylactic shock?

A

A shot of adrenalin (epinephrine)

24
Q

Complement-binding antibodies bind to the surface of cells, leading to destruction or ADCC in which type of sensitivity?

A

Type II

25
Q

What is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?

A

The blockage of small capillaries (ex. in kidney), due to an excess of antigen creating many small immune complexes that initiate blood clotting and inflammation.

26
Q

Delayed hypersensitivities (Type I) caused by what?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

27
Q

List 3 examples of Type IV hypersensitivities.

A
  1. Poison ivy and poison oak
  2. Latex products
  3. Tuberculin skin test
28
Q

When does response to antigen peak in a Type IV hypersensitivity?

A

Reactions peak in 2 to 3 days

29
Q

Which type of cell is responsible for Type IV hypersensitivities and what is the mechanism?

A

T cells release cytokines that attract macrophages and add to inflammation.

30
Q

What does a positive Tuberculin skin test

result from?

A

After introduction of small quantities of protein antigens from tubercle bacillus into skin, the test injection site reddens and gradually thickens, resulting from sensitized T cells, release of cytokines, and influx of macrophages.

Microbiology Unit 2 (13 decks)

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