(9-21) Immunization

Question 1

What are 3 first lines of immunological defense?

Answer 1

1. Epithelial barrier
2. Antimicrobial substances
3. Normal flora

Question 2

What are 5 elements of the second line of immunological defense?

Answer 2

1. Fever
2. Inflammation
3. Phagocytic Cells of the Immune System
   ~ Neutrophils
   ~ Monocytes
   ~ TLR & Complement

Question 3

Which line of defense is the innate immune system?

Answer 3

2nd

Question 4

Which line of defense is the Adaptive Immune System?

Answer 4

3rd

Question 5

What is naturally acquired immunity?

Answer 5

Acquisition of adaptive immunity through natural events

Question 6

What is artificially acquired immunity?

Answer 6

Acquisition of adaptive immunity through artificially events

~ ex. Immunization

Question 7

Which 2 categories can natural or artificial immunity can be divided into?

Answer 7

1. Active immunity

2. Passive immunity

Question 8

What does active immunity result from?

Answer 8

Immune response upon exposure to an antigen

Question 9

What is Passive Immunity?

Answer 9

Just transferring antibodies.

Question 10

What type of immunity occurs during pregnancy and nursing?

Answer 10

Natural Passive Immunity

Question 11

Which antibodies cross the placenta and when?

Answer 11

IgG from mother during pregnancy

Question 12

Which antibodies transfer naturally during breastfeeding?

Answer 12

IgA antibodies in breast milk given to child

Question 13

What is artificial passive immunity?

Answer 13

Occurs artificially if serum (containing) antibodies is injected into you

Question 14

What is an example of artificial passive immunity?

Answer 14

“Antiserum,” ex. snake bite

Question 15

What is a vaccine?

Answer 15

A preparation of a pathogen or pathogen products used to induce active immunity

Question 16

What are the 4 types of Inactivated vaccines?

Answer 16

1. Inactivate whole agents
2. Inactivated toxins
3. Protein subunits
4. Polysaccharide vaccines

Question 17

What do inactivated whole agent vaccines contain?

Answer 17

Contain killed pathogen (or inactivated virus)

Question 18

Give 2 examples of inactivated whole agent vaccines.

Answer 18

1. Salk polio vaccine is formalin-treated polio virus
2. Influenza vaccine is inactivated influenza viruses
   [Made new each year based on HA predicted to be prevalent]

Question 19

What are inactivated toxin vaccines?

Answer 19

Toxins treated to destroy toxic part

Question 20

Give 2 examples of inactivated toxin vaccines.

Answer 20

1. Diphtheria toxin

2. Tetanus toxin

Question 21

What are protein subunit inactivated vaccines, and what 2 ways are the proteins manufactured?

Answer 21

Vaccines that utilize proteins from pathogen identified by scientist as antigenic
~ Purified from pathogen
~ Made in genetically-engineered organisms

Question 22

What type of vaccine is acellular pertussis and what is its manufacturing process?

Answer 22

Protein subunit inactivated vaccine

~ Purified from pathogen

Question 23

How is hepatitis B protein manufactured for a protein subunit deactivated vaccine?

Answer 23

A hepatitis B protein is made in yeast.

Question 24

What is Meningococcal polysaccharide?

Answer 24

A T-independent antigen used as a vaccine.

Question 25

How is the problem of children having a poor response to T-independent antigens resolved for immunization? Give an example.

Answer 25

T-independent antigens are attached to T-dependant antigen (protein), such as polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugated to a protein. This leads to better protection for children.

Question 26

A person not exposed to antigen has no circulating antibodies in blood (serum) to that antigen, and is thus termed what?

Answer 26

Seronegative

Question 27

7-10 days after exposure to an antigen, specific antibodies are found in blood, deeming the person what?

Answer 27

Seropositive

Question 28

What is a titer, with regards to immunization?

Answer 28

The amount of antibodies a person has.

Question 29

What does a small but steady amount of antibody indicate?

Answer 29

Previous infection (or vaccination)

Question 30

When does a person’s amount of specific antibodies rise?

Answer 30

During an active infection

Question 31

What is serology?

Answer 31

Drawing the blood to test the serum for specific antibodies.

Question 32

When might one be required to receive another vaccination, with regards to serology?

Answer 32

When the titer isn’t high enough.

Question 33

For which 2 lab tests are antibodies used to cross-link antigens?

Answer 33

1. Blood typing

2. Latex agglutination

Question 34

Why can antigen-antibody aggregation tests be used for blood typing?

Answer 34

Antibody to “A” antigen found on type A blood (Anti-”A” antibody) will only agglutinate type A blood cells, Anti-B for B, etc. If you know which Ab you are adding to the well, you know what type of blood will agglutitnate with it.

Question 35

How can Latex agglutination be used in the identification of Streptococcus pyogens (the causative agent in Strep throat)?

Answer 35

Anti-Streptococcus pyogens antibody attached to latex bead will only agglutinate (clump) Streptococcus pyogens.