(9-21) Immunization Flashcards
1. Distinguish between active and passive immunity. 2. Give examples of: ~ naturally acquired active immunity ~ artificially acquired active immunity. 3. Give examples of: ~ naturally acquired passive immunity ~ artificially acquired passive immunity. 4. Define: ~ IgG ~ Vaccine ~ Antiserum ~ Attenuated vaccines ~ Inactivated whole agent vaccines ~ Protein subunit vaccines ~ Conjugate vaccines ~ Inactivated toxins 5. List and describe the major types of vaccines and give one spe
What are 3 first lines of immunological defense?
- Epithelial barrier
- Antimicrobial substances
- Normal flora
What are 5 elements of the second line of immunological defense?
- Fever
- Inflammation
- Phagocytic Cells of the Immune System
~ Neutrophils
~ Monocytes
~ TLR & Complement
Which line of defense is the innate immune system?
2nd
Which line of defense is the Adaptive Immune System?
3rd
What is naturally acquired immunity?
Acquisition of adaptive immunity through natural events
What is artificially acquired immunity?
Acquisition of adaptive immunity through artificially events
~ ex. Immunization
Which 2 categories can natural or artificial immunity can be divided into?
- Active immunity
2. Passive immunity
What does active immunity result from?
Immune response upon exposure to an antigen
What is Passive Immunity?
Just transferring antibodies.
What type of immunity occurs during pregnancy and nursing?
Natural Passive Immunity
Which antibodies cross the placenta and when?
IgG from mother during pregnancy
Which antibodies transfer naturally during breastfeeding?
IgA antibodies in breast milk given to child
What is artificial passive immunity?
Occurs artificially if serum (containing) antibodies is injected into you
What is an example of artificial passive immunity?
“Antiserum,” ex. snake bite
What is a vaccine?
A preparation of a pathogen or pathogen products used to induce active immunity
What are the 4 types of Inactivated vaccines?
- Inactivate whole agents
- Inactivated toxins
- Protein subunits
- Polysaccharide vaccines
What do inactivated whole agent vaccines contain?
Contain killed pathogen (or inactivated virus)
Give 2 examples of inactivated whole agent vaccines.
- Salk polio vaccine is formalin-treated polio virus
- Influenza vaccine is inactivated influenza viruses
[Made new each year based on HA predicted to be prevalent]
What are inactivated toxin vaccines?
Toxins treated to destroy toxic part
Give 2 examples of inactivated toxin vaccines.
- Diphtheria toxin
2. Tetanus toxin
What are protein subunit inactivated vaccines, and what 2 ways are the proteins manufactured?
Vaccines that utilize proteins from pathogen identified by scientist as antigenic
~ Purified from pathogen
~ Made in genetically-engineered organisms
What type of vaccine is acellular pertussis and what is its manufacturing process?
Protein subunit inactivated vaccine
~ Purified from pathogen
How is hepatitis B protein manufactured for a protein subunit deactivated vaccine?
A hepatitis B protein is made in yeast.
What is Meningococcal polysaccharide?
A T-independent antigen used as a vaccine.
How is the problem of children having a poor response to T-independent antigens resolved for immunization? Give an example.
T-independent antigens are attached to T-dependant antigen (protein), such as polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugated to a protein. This leads to better protection for children.
A person not exposed to antigen has no circulating antibodies in blood (serum) to that antigen, and is thus termed what?
Seronegative
7-10 days after exposure to an antigen, specific antibodies are found in blood, deeming the person what?
Seropositive
What is a titer, with regards to immunization?
The amount of antibodies a person has.
What does a small but steady amount of antibody indicate?
Previous infection (or vaccination)
When does a person’s amount of specific antibodies rise?
During an active infection
What is serology?
Drawing the blood to test the serum for specific antibodies.
When might one be required to receive another vaccination, with regards to serology?
When the titer isn’t high enough.
For which 2 lab tests are antibodies used to cross-link antigens?
- Blood typing
2. Latex agglutination
Why can antigen-antibody aggregation tests be used for blood typing?
Antibody to “A” antigen found on type A blood (Anti-”A” antibody) will only agglutinate type A blood cells, Anti-B for B, etc. If you know which Ab you are adding to the well, you know what type of blood will agglutitnate with it.
How can Latex agglutination be used in the identification of Streptococcus pyogens (the causative agent in Strep throat)?
Anti-Streptococcus pyogens antibody attached to latex bead will only agglutinate (clump) Streptococcus pyogens.
