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Heritage 2 > 9-10 Stone Deterioration > Flashcards

9-10 Stone Deterioration Flashcards

1
Q

Modification of the material that does not necessary imply a worsening of its characteristics from the point of view of conservation.

A

Alteration

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2
Q

Human perception of the loss of value due to decay.

A

Damage

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3
Q

chemical or physical modification of the intrinsic stone properties leading to a loss of value or to the impairment of use.

A

decay

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4
Q

Decline in condition, quality, or functional capacity.

A

Degradation

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5
Q

Process of making or becoming worse or lower in quality, value, character, etc.; depreciation.

A

Deterioration

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6
Q

Any chemical or mechanical process by which stones exposed to the weather undergo changes in character and deteriorate.

A

Weathering

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7
Q

Individual fissure, clearly visible by the naked eye, resulting from separation of one part from another.

A

Crack (Fissure)

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8
Q

Crack subtypes:

A
  • Fracture
  • Star crack
  • Hair crack
  • Craquele
  • Splitting
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9
Q

Crack that crosses completely the stone piece

A

Fracture

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10
Q

Crack having the form of a star. Rusting iron or mechanical impact are possible causes of this type of damage.

A

Star Crack

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11
Q

Minor crack with width dimension < 0.1 mm

A

Hair crack

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12
Q

Network of minor cracks also called crack network . The term crazing is not appropriate for stone, as this term should be used for describing the development of a crack network on glazed terracotta

A

Craquele

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13
Q

Fracturing of a stone along planes of weakness such as microcracks or clay/silt layers, in case where the structural elements are orientated vertically.

A

Splitting

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14
Q

Consists of detachment along bedding or schistosity planes, not necessarily orientated vertically.

A

Delamination

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15
Q

It is transitional to splitting.

A

Delamination

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16
Q

Change in shape without loosing integrity, leading to bending, buckling or twisting of a stone block.

A

Deformation

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17
Q

Separated, air-filled, raised hemispherical elevations on the face of stone resulting from the detachment of an outer stone layer. This detachment is not related to the stone structure.

A

Blistering

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18
Q

Blistering, in some circumstances, is caused by what?

A

Soluble Salts Action

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19
Q

Local loss of the stone surface from internal pressure usually manifesting in the form of an irregularly sided crater.

A

Bursting (Enclatement)

20
Q

It is sometimes preceded by star-shaped face-fracturing.

A

Bursting

21
Q

This deterioration pattern is due to the increase of volume of mineral inclusions (clays, iron minerals, etc.) naturally contained in the stone and situated near its surface.

A

Bursting

22
Q

loss of material due to a mechanical impact, which may have crater shape if the object hitting the stone surface is hard and small (a bullet for instance).

A

Impact Damage

23
Q

Detachment process affecting laminated stones

A

Delamination

24
Q

It corresponds to a physical separation into one or several layers following the stone laminae.

A

Delamination

25
Q

Subtype of Delamination

A

Exfoliation

26
Q

detachment of multiple thin stone layers (cm scale) that are sub-parallel to the stone surface. The layers may bend, twist in a similar way as book pages.

A

Exfoliation

27
Q

kind of detachment totally independent of the stone structure.

A

Scaling

28
Q

Detachment of single grains or aggregates of grains.

A

Disintegration

29
Q

It affects only the surface of the stone or can occur in depth. Damage generally starts from the surface of the material.

A

Disintegration

30
Q

Subtype of disintegration

A

Crumbling

31
Q

Detachment of aggregates of grains from the substrate. These aggregates are generally limited in size (less than 2 cm).

A

Crumbling

32
Q

This produces debris referred to as a rock meal and can often be seen accumulating at the foot of wall actively deteriorating.

A

Granular disintegration

33
Q

Subtype of Granular Disintegration

A
  • Crumbling
  • Powdering, Chalking
  • Sugaring
  • Sanding
34
Q

terms sometimes employed for describing granular disintegration of finely grained stones.

A

powdering, chalking

35
Q

employed mainly for white crystalline marble.

A

Sugaring

36
Q

used to describe granular disintegration of sandstones and granites

A

Sanding

37
Q

The complete or partial breaking up of a stone, into portions of variable dimensions that are irregular in form, thickness and
volume

A

Fragmentation

38
Q

Sub-types of fragmentation:

A
  1. Splintering
  2. Chipping
39
Q

Detachment of sharp, slender pieces of stone, split or broken off from the main body

A

Splintering

40
Q

Breaking off of pieces, called chips, from the edges of a block

A

Chipping

41
Q

Fragmentation
may be found when stone blocks are subjected to an _______.

A

overload

42
Q

Shedding, coming off, or partial detachment of a superficial layer (thickness sub millimetric to millimetric) having the aspect of a film or coating which has been applied on the stone surface

A

Peeling

43
Q

It is associated with a dome-like morphology.

A

Blistering

44
Q

Detachment of stone as a scale or a stack of scales, not following any stone structure and detaching like fish scales or parallel to the stone surface The thickness of a scale is generally of millimetric to centimetric scale, and is negligeable compared to its surface dimension

A

Scaling

45
Q

Sub-types of Scaling:

A
  1. Flaking
  2. Contour Scaling
46
Q

scaling in thin flat or curved scales of sub millimetric to
millimetric thickness, organized as fish scales

A

Flaking

47
Q

scaling in which the interface with the sound part of the stone is parallel to the stone surface In the case of flat surfaces, contour scaling may be called spalling Case hardening is a synonym of contour scaling

A

Contour Scaling

Heritage 2 (7 decks)

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