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Heritage 2 > 11-14 Stone Deterioration > Flashcards

11-14 Stone Deterioration Flashcards

11 - Alveolations 12 - Material Perforation 13 - Encrustation 14 - Biological Growth

1
Q

A single or series of surface punctures, holes or gaps, made by a sharp tool or created by an animal. The size is generally of millimetric to centimetric scale. Perforations are deeper than wide, and penetrate into the body of the stone.

A

Perforation

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2
Q

Point-like millimetric or sub millimetric shallow cavities. The pits generally have a cylindrical or conical shape and are not interconnected, although transitions patterns to interconnected pits can also be observed.

A

Pitting

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3
Q

Generally coherent accumulation of materials on the surface.

A

Crust

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4
Q

may include exogenic deposits in combination with materials derived from the stone.

A

Crust

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5
Q

Sub-types of Crust

A
  1. Black Crust
  2. Salt Crust
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6
Q

Accumulation of exogenic material of variable thickness. Some examples of deposits : splashes of paint or mortar, sea salt aerosols, atmospheric particles such as soot or dust, remains of conservation materials such as cellulose poultices, blast materials etc.

A

Deposit

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7
Q

Change of the stone color in one to three of the color parameters : hue, value and chroma.

A

Discoloration

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8
Q

corresponds to the most prominent characteristic of a color (blue, red, yellow, orange etc.).

A

hue

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9
Q

corresponds to the darkness (low hues) or lightness (high hues) of a color.

A

value

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10
Q

corresponds to the purity of a color.

A

chroma or saturation

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11
Q

Sub-types of discoloration:

A
  • Coloration
  • Bleaching
  • Moist Area
  • Staining
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12
Q

Generally whitish, powdery or whisker-like crystals on the surface. Efflorescence’s are generally poorly cohesive and commonly made of soluble salt crystals.

A

Efflorescence

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13
Q

Generally whitish, powdery or whisker-like crystals on the surface. Efflorescence’s are generally poorly cohesive and commonly made of soluble salt crystals.

A

Encrustation

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14
Q

They are generally found below areas of the building where water is percolating or has percolated in the past.

A

Encrustations

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15
Q

Thin covering or coating layer generally of organic nature, generally homogeneous, follows the stone surface. It may be opaque or translucent.

A

Film

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16
Q

Aspect of a surface that reflects totally or partially
the light. The surface has a mirror-like appearance.

A

Glossy Aspect

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17
Q

Engraving, scratching, cutting or application of paint, ink or similar matter on the stone surface.

A

Graffiti

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18
Q

They are generally the result of an act of vandalism.

A

Graffiti

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19
Q

Chromatic modification of the material, generally resulting from natural or artificial ageing and not involving in most cases visible surface deterioration.

A

Patina

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20
Q

Sub-types of Patina:

A
  • Iron rich patina
  • oxalate patina
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21
Q

Deposit of a very thin layer of exogenous particles (eg. soot) giving a dirty appearance to the stone surface.

A

Soiling

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22
Q

With increasing adhesion and cohesion, soiling can transform into a ______

A

Crust

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23
Q

It may originate from atmospheric pollutants (industrial, domestic or car exhaust products) or from particles transported by running water or heating convection.

A

Soiling

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24
Q

Poorly adhesive soluble salts, commonly white, located under the stone surface.

A

Sub florescence

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25
Q

They are hidden, unless the stone layer over them detaches. In that case, salt crystals become visible on the newly exposed surface.

A

Calorescences

26
Q

Colonization of the stone by plants and micro-organisms such as bacteria, cyanobacteria, algae, fungi and lichen (symbioses of the latter three).

A

Biological Colonization

27
Q

It also includes influences by other organisms such as animals nesting on and in stone.

A

Biological colonization

28
Q

They are microscopic vegetal organisms without stem nor leaves which can be seen outdoors and indoors, as powdery or viscous deposits (thickness : tenth of mm to several mm).

A

Algae

29
Q

It forms green, red,
brown, or black veil like zones and can be found mainly in situations where the substrate remains moistened for long periods of time.

A

Algae

30
Q

Vegetal organism forming rounded millimetric to centimetric crusty or bushy patches, often having a leathery appearance, growing generally on outside parts of a building.

A

Lichen

31
Q

They are most commonly grey,
yellow, orange, green or black and show no differentiation into stem, root and leaf.

A

Lichen

32
Q

It is composed of a thallus, eventually bearing fruiting bodies, generally developed on the stone surface, and rhizomes that may penetrate deep into the stone (tens to several millimeters).

A

Lichen

33
Q

Sub-types of Lichen

A

Crustose
Folious
Epilithic Types

34
Q

Vegetal organism forming small, soft and green cushions of centimetric size.

A

Moss

35
Q

They look generally like dense micro-leaves (sub- to millimetric size) tightly packed together.

A

Mosses

36
Q

They often grow on stone surface open cavities, cracks, and in any place permanently or frequently wet (masonry joints), and usually shady.

A

Moss

37
Q

They develop brown rhizines and may create a micro-soil zone between the stone surface and the green part.

A

Mosses

38
Q

Microscopic fungus which colonies, to the naked eye, look like a downy film or a network or star-like millimetric patches of filaments of diverse colours (white, grey, black).

A

Mold

39
Q

by their filamentous and/or chain-like growth may penetrate several centimeters into the stone substrate.

A

Molds

40
Q

Vegetal living being, having, when complete, root, stem, and leaves, though consisting sometimes only of a single leafy expansion (e.g. Tree, fern, herb).

A

Plant

41
Q

Formation, on the stone surface, of cavities (alveoles) which may be interconnected and may have variable shapes and sizes (generally centimetric,
sometimes metric).

A

Alveolization

42
Q

Loss of original surface, leading to smoothed shapes.

A

Erosion

43
Q

Sub-types of Erosion

A
  • Differential Erosion
  • Loss of Components
  • Loss of matrix
  • Rounding
  • Roughening
44
Q

: occurs when erosion does not proceed at the samerate from one area of the stone to the other. As a result, the
stone deteriorates irregularly.

A

Differential Erosion

45
Q

Partial or selective elimination of
soft (clay lenticles, nodes of limonite, etc) or compact stone
components (pebbles, fossil fragments, geological concretions,
lava fragments).

A

Loss of components

46
Q

Partial or selective elimination of the
stone matrix, resulting in protruding compact stone components.

A

Loss of matrix

47
Q

Preferential erosion of originally angular stone
edges leading to a distinctly rounded profile.

A

Rounding

48
Q

Selective loss of small particles from an originally smooth stone surface.

A

Roughening

49
Q

Loss of stone material clearly due to a mechanical
action.

A

Mechanical Damage

50
Q

Sub-types of Mechanical Damage:

A
  • Impact Damage
  • Cut
  • Scratch
  • Abrasion
  • Keying
51
Q

Mechanical damage due to the impact of a projectile (bullet, shrapnel) or of a hard tool.

A

Impact damage

52
Q

Loss of material due to the action of an edge tool.

A

Cut

53
Q

Manually induced superficial and line-like loss of material due to the action of some pointed object.

A

Scratch

54
Q

Erosion due to wearing down or rubbing away
by means of friction, or to the impact of particles.

A

Abrasion

55
Q

Impact damage resulting from hitting a surface with a pointed tool, in order to get an irregular surface which will assist the adhesion of an added material, a mortar for instance.

A

Keying

56
Q

Network of small interconnected depressions of
millimetric to centrimetric scale, sometimes looking
like hydrographic network.

A

Microkarst

57
Q

They are due to a partial and/or selective dissolution of calcareous stone surfaces exposed to water run-off.

A

Microkarst

58
Q

Empty space, obviously located in the place of some formerly existing stone part.

A

Missing part

59
Q

Sub-type of Missing Part:

A

Gap

60
Q

hollow place in the stone surface, hole.

A

Gap

Heritage 2 (7 decks)

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