5-6 Wall System and Foundation Failure Flashcards
Two examples of megalithic irregular masonry systems
a. Rubble large stones
b. Polygonal Stones
Who invented concrete?
Romans
Other term for concrete according to the Romans
Opus Caementicium
Examples of walls built by Romans
- Opus quasi reticulatum
- Opus latericium
- Opus incertum
- Opus quadratum
- Opus mixtum
- Opus vittatum
Two types of foundation
- Shallow foundation
- Deep foundation
This is the most common footings in most ancient Greek buildings, usually built with no rectangular cross section with no projection and resting directly on bedrock.
Strip Foundations
In cases where strip foundation proved to be unstable despite the initial deep excavations, _______ were driven deep into the earth until the hard stratum.
Timber poles
This is a traditional Spanish technique wherein a timber framework is filled with wooden planks are then covered with lime plaster.
Tabique
They built their houses on long wooden piles driven into the soft bottoms of shallow lakes, high above dangerous animals and hostile neighbors.
Neolithic inhabitants of Switzerland
They found only alluvium in their floodplains therefore they raised their great monuments on mats made from reed, allowing for high settlements.
Babylonians
It can be categorized as stress controlled and environmentally controlled, or both.
Foundation failures
This type of failure are those which are the result of the structure load on the foundation elements interacting with the supporting soil.
Stress controlled failure
This type of failure are those which occur because of changes in the environment which affect the supporting soil.
Environmentally controlled failures
Environmentally controlled failures include:
- swelling or shrinkage of soils
- downhill movement
- soil creep
- land slip
- groundwater
- oil withdrawal
Two types of foundation failures:
- stress controlled failure
- environmental controlled failure
Foundation failures may appear according to two main factors:
- Materials
- Functional
This factor of failure include cracking or deterioration of the foundation materials while functional failure involves distortion of the foundation which affects the super structure appearance and performance.
Material failure
This factor of failure includes excessive deflection or curvature, excessive overall slope or tilt, differential movement, excessive settlement or heave, or excessive surface wear and deterioration.
Functional failures
Signs of foundation failure
- collapse masonry walls
- sloping floor/ leaning walls
- cracks in walls, floors or ceiling
- misaligned doors and windows
Reasons for foundation failure:
- unstable soils
- improper drainage
- material deterioration
- leaks in dirt floors
- lateral movement
- unequal support
- drag down and heave
- change in water level
- vibration effects
This may be caused by flooding, removal or addition of trees and landscaping features, or years of changing soil moisture.
Unstable soil
the surrounding drainage system size may be need upgrading or relocation.
Improper drainage
improper or lack or regular maintenance.
Material deterioration
This may be caused by improper use of the building spaces or by natural seismic movements.
Leaks in dirt floors
This is possible when there is removal of existing side support adjacent to a building or there is excessive overburden on backfill or lateral thrust on the backside of a retaining wall.
Lateral movement
Footing resting on different type of soil, different bearing capacity and unequal load distribution will result in the unequal settlement or what we call it a differential settlement.
Unequal support
When footing is located on a compressible soil, there is a chance of foundation failure by what?
drag down and heave
The change in water content can modify the dimensions and structure of the supporting soil.
Change in water level
Construction activities such as blasting, pile driving, dynamic compaction of loose soil, and operation of heavy construction equipment induce ground and structure vibrations.
Vibration effects
Types of wall
- Load bearing wall
- Non-load bearing wall
This type of wall is usually constructed with sturdy, durable wall materials such as thick wooden beams, concrete, brick, or steel. The wall functions to hold up the weight of the house above it by distributing the weight down to the foundation.
Load bearing wall
This wall is considered load-bearing and are common in outdoor spaces. Instead of holding “up” house material, this wall is holding “back” earth.
retaining wall
This type of wall don’t hold up the flooring above. They are used to divide an area into smaller portions and are sometimes called “panel,” “partition” or “curtain” walls.
non-load bearing
It is a type of structural failure that can occur when a wall is unable to support the load that is placed on it.
Wall collapse
They are most indicator of wall failure.
Wall cracks
Reaons for wall cracks
- Plaster
- Damp and moisture ingress
- Tree Roots
- Earthquakes and vibrations
- Climbing plants
It is the study of building defects, building decay and building performance failure for the purpose of formulating suitable remedial and management solutions
Building Pathology
Macroscopic deterioration of stone objects
- Surface Deposits
- Stone surface condition
- Structural condition
Examples of surface deposits
- Dark deposits/staining
- Efflorescence
- Animal Droppings
- Vegetation and biological growth
Examples of stone surface condition
- Pitting
- Pulverization
- Desegregation
- Blistering
- Erosion
- Deformation
- Detachment
Examples of structural condition
- Fissuring or crack
- Fractures
- Losses or disconnected parts
- Open joints
Types of fractures:
- Conjugate fractures
- Curved fractures
