5-6 Wall System and Foundation Failure

Question 1

Two examples of megalithic irregular masonry systems

Answer 1

a. Rubble large stones
b. Polygonal Stones

Question 2

Who invented concrete?

Answer 2

Romans

Question 3

Other term for concrete according to the Romans

Answer 3

Opus Caementicium

Question 4

Examples of walls built by Romans

Answer 4

1. Opus quasi reticulatum
2. Opus latericium
3. Opus incertum
4. Opus quadratum
5. Opus mixtum
6. Opus vittatum

Question 5

Two types of foundation

Answer 5

1. Shallow foundation
2. Deep foundation

Question 6

This is the most common footings in most ancient Greek buildings, usually built with no rectangular cross section with no projection and resting directly on bedrock.

Answer 6

Strip Foundations

Question 7

In cases where strip foundation proved to be unstable despite the initial deep excavations, _______ were driven deep into the earth until the hard stratum.

Answer 7

Timber poles

Question 8

This is a traditional Spanish technique wherein a timber framework is filled with wooden planks are then covered with lime plaster.

Answer 8

Tabique

Question 9

They built their houses on long wooden piles driven into the soft bottoms of shallow lakes, high above dangerous animals and hostile neighbors.

Answer 9

Neolithic inhabitants of Switzerland

Question 10

They found only alluvium in their floodplains therefore they raised their great monuments on mats made from reed, allowing for high settlements.

Answer 10

Babylonians

Question 11

It can be categorized as stress controlled and environmentally controlled, or both.

Answer 11

Foundation failures

Question 12

This type of failure are those which are the result of the structure load on the foundation elements interacting with the supporting soil.

Answer 12

Stress controlled failure

Question 13

This type of failure are those which occur because of changes in the environment which affect the supporting soil.

Answer 13

Environmentally controlled failures

Question 14

Environmentally controlled failures include:

Answer 14

• swelling or shrinkage of soils
• downhill movement
• soil creep
• land slip
• groundwater
• oil withdrawal

Question 15

Two types of foundation failures:

Answer 15

• stress controlled failure
• environmental controlled failure

Question 16

Foundation failures may appear according to two main factors:

Answer 16

1. Materials
2. Functional

Question 17

This factor of failure include cracking or deterioration of the foundation materials while functional failure involves distortion of the foundation which affects the super structure appearance and performance.

Answer 17

Material failure

Question 18

This factor of failure includes excessive deflection or curvature, excessive overall slope or tilt, differential movement, excessive settlement or heave, or excessive surface wear and deterioration.

Answer 18

Functional failures

Question 19

Signs of foundation failure

Answer 19

1. collapse masonry walls
2. sloping floor/ leaning walls
3. cracks in walls, floors or ceiling
4. misaligned doors and windows

Question 20

Reasons for foundation failure:

Answer 20

1. unstable soils
2. improper drainage
3. material deterioration
4. leaks in dirt floors
5. lateral movement
6. unequal support
7. drag down and heave
8. change in water level
9. vibration effects

Question 21

This may be caused by flooding, removal or addition of trees and landscaping features, or years of changing soil moisture.

Answer 21

Unstable soil

Question 22

the surrounding drainage system size may be need upgrading or relocation.

Answer 22

Improper drainage

Question 23

improper or lack or regular maintenance.

Answer 23

Material deterioration

Question 24

This may be caused by improper use of the building spaces or by natural seismic movements.

Answer 24

Leaks in dirt floors

Question 25

This is possible when there is removal of existing side support adjacent to a building or there is excessive overburden on backfill or lateral thrust on the backside of a retaining wall.

Answer 25

Lateral movement

Question 26

Footing resting on different type of soil, different bearing capacity and unequal load distribution will result in the unequal settlement or what we call it a differential settlement.

Answer 26

Unequal support

Question 27

When footing is located on a compressible soil, there is a chance of foundation failure by what?

Answer 27

drag down and heave

Question 28

The change in water content can modify the dimensions and structure of the supporting soil.

Answer 28

Change in water level

Question 29

Construction activities such as blasting, pile driving, dynamic compaction of loose soil, and operation of heavy construction equipment induce ground and structure vibrations.

Answer 29

Vibration effects

Question 30

Types of wall

Answer 30

1. Load bearing wall 2. Non-load bearing wall

Question 31

This type of wall is usually constructed with sturdy, durable wall materials such as thick wooden beams, concrete, brick, or steel. The wall functions to hold up the weight of the house above it by distributing the weight down to the foundation.

Answer 31

Load bearing wall

Question 32

This wall is considered load-bearing and are common in outdoor spaces. Instead of holding “up” house material, this wall is holding “back” earth.

Answer 32

retaining wall

Question 33

This type of wall don't hold up the flooring above. They are used to divide an area into smaller portions and are sometimes called “panel,” “partition” or “curtain” walls.

Answer 33

non-load bearing

Question 34

It is a type of structural failure that can occur when a wall is unable to support the load that is placed on it.

Answer 34

Wall collapse

Question 34

They are most indicator of wall failure.

Answer 34

Wall cracks

Question 34

Reaons for wall cracks

Answer 34

1. Plaster 2. Damp and moisture ingress 3. Tree Roots 4. Earthquakes and vibrations 5. Climbing plants

Question 35

It is the study of building defects, building decay and building performance failure for the purpose of formulating suitable remedial and management solutions

Answer 35

Building Pathology

Question 36

Macroscopic deterioration of stone objects

Answer 36

1. Surface Deposits 2. Stone surface condition 3. Structural condition

Question 37

Examples of surface deposits

Answer 37

1. Dark deposits/staining 2. Efflorescence 3. Animal Droppings 4. Vegetation and biological growth

Question 38

Examples of stone surface condition

Answer 38

1. Pitting 2. Pulverization 3. Desegregation 4. Blistering 5. Erosion 6. Deformation 7. Detachment

Question 39

Examples of structural condition

Answer 39

1. Fissuring or crack 2. Fractures 3. Losses or disconnected parts 4. Open joints

Question 40

Types of fractures:

Answer 40

1. Conjugate fractures 2. Curved fractures