3 STONE AS BUILDING MATERIALS Flashcards
This represents the strongest, most used and most durable materials of the past, usually preferred for structures of the greatest importance.
Stone
Given its larger strength, it is also the one that better survived along the history, representing nowadays an incredible evidence of prehistoric man.
Stone Masonry
Two main difficulties ancient builders have to solve when using stone masonry:
- extraction from the quarry
- dimensioning
Its durability in earlier earthen rudimentary buildings was low but its simplicity and quick availability of materials made the earthen construction technologies whenever stone is not available.
Earth and Brick
The first shelter using earth were made out of what?
bush
small wooden members
mud for waterproofing
It belongs to the geologic group of sedimentary rocks, which are created by accumulation of sediments along thousand of years.
Clay
It can be found in so-called clay pits mostly close to riverbed, lakes and valleys.
Clay
Building methods of earth construction
- Direct Digging
- Straw Clay
- Wattle and Daub
- Direct Shaping
A building method wherein the first habitation were built directly in the ground by digging out layer.
Direct Digging
A building method wherein clay soil was added to straw (the clay binds the straw together), and it was used to build several building components (brick, blocks and panels)
Straw Clay
A building method wherein a bearing wooden structure was filled with clayey earth mixed with straw to prevent shrinkage.
Wattle and Daub
An ancient technique that made use of a very plastic earth to model forms directly without using any kind of mold or framework.
Direct Shaping
What binds stones or bricks together?
Mortar
It is a workable paste used to bind stone or brick units together and build masonry elements.
Mortar
It eliminates the effect of irregularities in the units by facilitating the stone or bricks’ stacking and prevents the concentration of stresses.
Mortar
It is a material used in masonry construction to fill the gaps between the bricks or stone blocks.
Mortar
Mortar is a mixture out of what?
Sand
Cement or Lime
Water
Two Ancient Mortars:
- Clay and Mud
- Gypsum Mortar
The first mortars were made out of these two, as demonstrated in the 10th millenia BCE buildings of Jericho, and the 8th millenia BCE of Ganj Dareh.
Clay and Mud
This ancient mortar did not perform well in the presence of water of high humidity.
Clay and Mud
The earliest known mortar was used by the ancient Egyptians and was made from what?
Gypsum
This ancient mortar is also known as Plaster of Paris.
Gypsum
Gypsum mortar is made up of what?
Plaster
Sand
Example of modern mortar
Polymer cement mortar
It is the materials which are made by partially replacing the cement hydrate binders of conventional cement mortar with polymers.
Polymer Cement Mortars (PCM)
The polymeric admixtures include:
- Latexes or emulsions
- Liquid thermoset resins
- Monomers
It has low permeability that may be detrimental to moisture accumulation when used to repair a traditional brick, block or stone wall.
Polymer Mortar
This modern mortar is mainly designed for repairing concrete structures.
Polymer Mortar
This strongly influence concrete’s freshly mixed and hardened properties, mixture proportions, and economy.
Aggregates
Characteristics of aggregates include:
*Grading–or the particle sizes
* Durability
*Particle shape and surface texture
*Abrasion and skid resistance
*Unit weight and voids
*Absorption and surface moisture
This mortar is softer than cement mortar, allowing brickwork a certain degree of flexibility to adapt to shifting ground or other changing conditions.
Lime mortar
This mortar is harder and allows little flexibility.
Cement mortar
This mortar is considered breathable in that it will allow moisture to freely move through and evaporate from the surface in old buildings with walls that shift over time.
Lime mortar
What not to do when using lime mortar and cement mortar?
Using both of them in a single wall.
